Computer benefits Essay

In today’s modern world, computers are needed everyday. Around the world, children use computers from the time they are little. It’s true that children should have fun when they are young; however, in my opinion, a child who knows how to use the computer will be more successful in the future. My reasons for this view are personal, academic and professional. From a personal point of view, computers can help young people to learn more about the world. For example, some children use the Internet to find information on different subjects. In this way, they learn to find answers by themselves. By using the computer when they are little, children feel more comfortable around computers. They also know how to use the computer for different reasons. From an academic viewpoint, children have to learn how to use this new invention. For instance, when I was in college, many students used to bring their laptops to class. They used to take notes, do research and share information. They wrote their essays, made presentations and created useful lists. Children who can use the computer when they are young have more confidence than other children. From a professional perspective, the computer is found in every kind of office. Today, employers will still hire people who cannot use computers and give them computer training. But tomorrow, companies will expect people to have these skills already. As a result, by encouraging children to use the computer for a short time every day, parents are preparing their children for future jobs. In conclusion, it is clear that computers are now a part of our regular life. Children who can use computers easily and confidently will do better in the future.

Egyptian art Essay

In Egyptian art, style is everything. In the Egyptian Art we have examined, we see striking similarities in the objects d’art that are included in this view. One thing that we can see in all the art works that we have seen is that the style remains consistent throughout the history of Egypt. The view of this writer is to look at each work and compare it to other works later in Egypt’s history. To that end, we will examine four separate works—the Palette of King Narmer, which was predynastic, the tomb of Ti at Saqqara which is of the Fifth Dynasty, the Portrait of Ni’Ankhesut, which is from the early Sixth Dynasty, and finally the Funerary Stele of Iamu, from the First Intermediate period. Each of these unique works has their own similarities to each other and their own unique differences. Three of the works are worked in limestone, which was a primary medium of Egyptian art, especially when it came to tomb or funerary art. The fourth is in stone, and was used to hold makeup and was intricately carved with a well for that express purpose. The first work that this writer will examine is the Palette of King Narmer. This work is done in what is probably basalt or some other stone, as it is not done in the soft limestone that was common in other Egyptian art forms. Egyptologists are unsure exactly what event this depicts, but what we can see is that King Narmer is the largest figure on the palette. On the front of the palette Narmer is depicted leading an army and slaying an opposing army. The opposing army is dead and decapitated, with their heads between their legs. This is pictured in the top third of the palette. In the middle third of the palette is a round depression made up of the entwined necks of two cats. This indented area is where eye makeup would have been placed. In the bottom third we see a warrior fighting a bull, a common theme in early Egyptian art. It should be noted here that the cats with the entwined heads is a distinctly Mesopotamian feature, showing the influence of the Middle Eastern art forms on early Egyptian art. On the back of the palette, we see a large figure who appears to be Narmer, wearing the crown of Upper Egypt. He appears to be subduing an enemy, who appears to be the leader of Lower Egypt. This is obviously meant to symbolize the supremacy of Upper Egypt over Lower Egypt. We notice from the position of the figures that every figure is in the profile position, but the arms are facing forward. This shows early on the foundations of Egyptian art, mainly, the consistency of keeping a majority of the body in profile, while only putting arms and chest in full frontal view. We also notice that on both sides of the palette, Narmer is the largest of the figures, making it clear that the palette is about him and his accomplishments. This is also a recurring theme in Egyptian art—the making of the main figure larger than other figures in the work. This assures the viewer that they are aware of who the main subject is. The second work that we are going to examine is the tomb of Ti at Saqqara. Again, we see that Ti is the largest figure in the work. This tomb relief is in color, which sets it apart from the other works we have examined. It probably retains its color due to the fact that it was not exposed to the elements as were other works. The paint brings out the striking details and shows the intricacies of Egyptian tomb art. It is also worked in limestone, which was a primary medium in Egypt. In this relief, we se that Ti is on a boat on the Nile. The Nile is teeming with all sorts of marine life. From our knowledge of the hieroglyphics, we know that Ti and his hunters are hunting hippopotami in the Nile marshes. Again, Ti is in profile save for his hands and chest. It is at this point, however, that we can see that there is very little difference between the picture of Ti and the picture of Narmer. This shows us that the Egyptians did not think about differentiation between human forms. They counted on the hieroglyphics and the idea of the larger figure being the focal point of the work. The third work that we will examine is the portrait of Ni’Ankhesut. It is a limestone portrait, which makes us assume that it is from the tomb of this individual. This is from the Sixth Dynasty. In this work, we see Ni’Ankhesut as the central figure in this work. Out of necessity, Ni’Ankhesut is the largest figure in the work, and above his head are hieroglyphics. These probably tell his story or his name, though we do not see the characteristic cartouche that accompanies the name. The fact that this individual has a tomb indicates that he was of sufficiently high rank to have the wealth and prestige that a tomb connotes. Again, if we physically look at the portrait, we see that the head and the legs are in profile, but the chest and the arms are in full frontal view. This again shows the idiosyncrasies in Egyptian art. If we compare the physicality of the portrait to the other two works that we have examined, we see that there is very little physical difference in the three figures. Again, the lack of differentiation among figures is evident. The final work we will examine is the Funerary Stele of Iamu. It is worked in limestone, which is the primary medium of Egyptian tomb art. This work is a more complex work than the portrait, but not as detailed as the Palette of Narmer. In this work, we see again that Iamu is the largest figure, and above his head are hieroglyphics. In this relief, it is difficult for one to tell what Iamu is doing. Again, we see little physical differentiation with the other figures that we have examined, and we see that all the figures are in profile and that this is totally in keeping with all Egyptian art. This writer does see some beginnings of differentiation in the figures, which begins to pave the way for more realistic portraiture. What conclusions can we draw from these four works? The first thing is that Egyptian art changed little over the years of Egypt’s rise and fall. Second, we see that Egypt chose art to express and transmit their culture. We also note that hieroglyphics were used to great effect to tell the individual stories that each work shows (with the exception of the Narmer Palette). Fourth, we can see that relief is the main form of art used by the Egyptians. Fifth, color is used throughout the Egyptian artistic world to give life to the two-dimensional images on the limestone walls. Sixth, relief is also a way to provide the art with a depth that it would otherwise lack. We must continue to learn from ancient art as it is the way that we learn the most about ourselves. To understand it is to better understand ourselves and our own culture.

Yes or No to Mandatory Vaccinations

Yes or No to Mandatory Vaccinations Should vaccinations be mandatory for children entering school? At the present time, all fifty states in the United States require children entering public school to be vaccinated. However, no federal vaccination laws exist (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Did you know? ). Many parents hold religious beliefs against vaccination. Forcing such parents to vaccinate their children would violate the First Amendment, which guarantees citizens the right to the free exercise of their religion.Others believe that common childhood vaccinations may cause rare, yet serious reactions. Proponents of mandatory vaccination argue that the risk of not being vaccinated far outweighs the small risk associated with vaccination. Preventable diseases like measles and mumps can cause permanent disability and death. In 1991, an outbreak of measles in an unvaccinated group of children in Philadelphia caused seven deaths (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Pro). Children infected with mumps can become permanently deaf.Although a very small number of deaths from the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine have been reported, the most common adverse reactions are minor soreness and or fever. Vaccines can eradicate disease and prevent serious illness and death. Mandatory vaccination has eliminated disease that once killed thousands of children, such as polio and smallpox. According to the researchers at the Pediatric Academic Society, childhood vaccinations in the United States prevent about 10. million cases of infectious illness and 33,000 deaths per year (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Did you know? ). They believe that most childhood vaccines are 90-99% effective in preventing disease (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Pro). When children who have been vaccinated do contract a disease, despite being vaccinated against it, they usually have milder symptoms with less serious complications than an un-vaccinated child who gets the same diseas e.Since some individuals who have been vaccinated may still get sick when exposed to infected individuals, 75%-94% of the population (depending on the disease) must be vaccinated to achieve â€Å"herd immunity† (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Pro). When herd immunity is achieved, the number of immunized individuals is high enough to prevent the spread of disease through the population. Even when diseases seem to no longer exist, outbreaks can still occur if children are not vaccinated.In Boulder, Colorado, fear over possible side effects of the whooping-cough (pertussis) vaccine led many parents to refuse vaccination for their children, causing Boulder to have the lowest school-wide vaccination rate in Colorado for whooping-cough, and one of the highest rates of whooping-cough in the United States as of 2002 (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Pro). However there are certainly concerns about vaccinations. According to a 2010 survey by the University of Michigan, 31% of parents believe that they should have the right to refuse mandated school entry vaccinations for their children (ProCon. rg, Children Vaccinations, Con). They believe that vaccines are often unnecessary in many cases where the threat of death from the disease is small. During the early nineteenth century, death from childhood diseases, such as, whooping-cough, measles, and scarlet fever, fell dramatically even before immunization became available (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Con). This decreased mortality has been attributed to improve personal hygiene, water purification, effective sewage disposal, and better food hygiene and nutrition, not immunization.Many against mandatory vaccination believe that vaccinations interfere with natural law and God’s plan for humanity. They believe that disease is a natural occurrence and humans should not interfere. Vaccines can trigger autoimmune disorders. An un-vaccinated child can build and strengthen his immune system through fi ghting off infection and can develop a natural immunity to diseases like measles and chickenpox. Vaccines could create an artificial immunity which weakens the immune system, leaving the child more vulnerable to other diseases and infections.Opponents of mandatory vaccination believe that vaccines are created for primarily to generate profit for manufacturers and medical organizations that endorse vaccinations. While the economic slant is bothersome to those opposing mandatory vaccines, their side of the argument is fueled by claims paid under the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program in the United States Court of Federal Claims between 1988 and 2009, which has awarded compensation to 1,322 families whose children suffered brain damage from vaccines (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Did you know? . About 30,000 cases of adverse reactions to vaccines have been reported to the federal government since 1990 (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Did you know? ). Only 13% of tho se cases were classified as serious, i. e. permanent disability, hospitalization, life-threatening illness, or death (ProCon. org, Children Vaccinations, Did you know? ). Should parents have the right to determine whether their child should have mandatory vaccinations, or should the government have the right to decide whether vaccinations are in the best interest of national health?It has been proven that vaccinations can help eliminate diseases that once killed thousands of children. There is still the thought that any risk to a child from immunization is not worth taking, especially considering that most diseases vaccinated against are not necessarily life threatening. The â€Å"slippery slope† seems to be whether the government should have the right to interfere with First Amendment rights.

Anthropological perspectives on Peace and Conflict Studies Research Paper

Anthropological perspectives on Peace and Conflict Studies - Research Paper Example It explores how people of diverse appearance, different cultures and mutually incomprehensible languages live together peacefully. This paper will give an analysis of the possible causes of the Israeli/Palestinian conflict as well as solutions for the conflict from anthropological point of view. Introduction The conflict between Palestinians and Israelis is a struggle that has been going on since the mid of the 20th century. Within both Palestinian and Israeli societies, this conflict has generated a wide range of opinions and views. This underscores the deep divisions existing between Palestinians and Israelis and also within either society. This conflict has caused a high level of violence for almost the whole duration. Paramilitary groups, regular armies, terror cells and individuals have been conducting fights. Besides the military, casualties have also come from civilian population with a lot of fatalities on both sides. It has been noted that prominent global actors have engage d themselves in the conflict (Gelvin 15). Anthropology gives a scientific basis for handling crucial dilemma in today’s world. It explores how people of diverse appearance, different cultures and mutually incomprehensible languages live together peacefully. Anthropology calls for no naturalization of all human constructions and recognition of culture’s arbitrariness including arbitrariness of power (Lewellen 17). This paper will give an analysis of the possible causes of the Israeli/Palestinian conflict as well as solutions for the conflict from anthropological point of view. Causes of Israeli-Palestinian Conflict It has often been said that the conflict between Palestinians and Israelis is about land. This claim is designed to counter the usual misconception suggesting that the Israelis and Palestinians have a historical clash that dates back to hundreds of years as a result of inherent cultural and religious contempt for each other. The lands claims play a vital role in both sides of animosities, but it fails to give the full story (Harms 60). The more complex and more accurate explanation for this conflict is that it is about the emerging relationship between two groups of people living in the same area, particularly regarding the emergence of firstly, Jewish nationalism (Zionism) and secondly, Palestinian nationalism, which occurred between the late 19th century and early 20th century. The definitions and development of both nationalisms are the basis of the conflict. The emergence of Zionism was not in reaction to Muslims, Palestinians or Arabs, but in response to perceived and real anti-Semitism in Europe and Russia. Although the decision to make Israel a Zionist state location was founded on religious factors, this was largely untrue regarding the decision to establish a Zionist state. When Zionists came to Israel, they did not intend to evict the native population although they were oblivious to it to a great extent. The Zionist movement encouraged immigration to Israel using the slogan, "A land without a people for a people without a land." On reaching Israel, they sought land and believed this maxim, and in this way, they had already sowed the seed of the conflict. Mostly, Zionist settlers showed no animosity against the indigenous population. They never removed Palestinians from their land using force, but they had a simple economic strategy of purchasing land from Arab tribes that represented the indigenous Palestinian inhabitants. This resulted into the Palestinians identifying

Construction Health and Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Construction Health and Safety - Essay Example For this reason, some insurance companies fear that handling these risky sites and vouching for the health and the lives of the employees involved in the job may cause them too much funds that may indeed jeopardize their financial stability. Hence, the establishment of the limit of the fund to be allotted for the said issue has already been passed and rather applied in business organizations today. There are certain standards that companies today need to abide with which gives them a chance to be accommodated by several insurance companies in support to the healthcare assurance that they need, however these provisions are guided by certain limitations that both employers and employees must carefully give attention to. This is especially true on the part of those who are involved in the construction industry. In this paper, the statement mentioned above with regards handling risks successfully as an employer, as an employee and as a team of people working together to establish a struc ture, shall be well discussed and assessed as to how much they should be recognized by the current construction project planners at present. Avionics Solution is a small business organization serving as one of the leaders in manufacturing avionics equipment. It started as a family-owned business that delivers quality products given to its regular clients. As of today, Avionics Solution is currently employing at least 48 personnels within its manufacturing facility. It is the main aim of the organization's administration to be of great help to its employees as well as with its clients. Through the establishment of a fine communication system that flows between the employers, the administrative sector and the rank and file employees, the organization's head officers try to bridge the gap existing between the said stakeholders of the organization. Clearly, the mission of the organization to serve the community with the best possible services it could offer have been understood by the organization's authorities to have been effectively sourced out from the establishment of fine camaraderie among the people making up the enti re company, including the employees as the primary actors within the organization's journey towards success. Certainly, Avionics Solution wants to make sure of its competitive status in the manufacturing industry by providing its employees a workplace that stimulates employee interaction and economic growth. However, with all the fine set of missions created by the administration for the entire organization to follow, it has been found out that most of the employees complained about the fact that there are several provisions not granted by the organization, which namely includes health insurance and retirement plan. It is then proposed in this plan paper that the said issue be addressed well. This is to help the company get assured that it would be able to stay in its status of competition within the industry, through its provision of the utmost important factors of consideration for its employees. The said plan proposal

Analysing legal issue on Gun Control in Canada Essay

Analysing legal issue on Gun Control in Canada - Essay Example 2 An audit by the Auditor General of Canada in 2002 further showed that the Department of Justice estimated the cost of the gun registry program would rise significantly by 2004-2005, costing more than $1 billion while gun registration fees amounted to about $140 million in fees, 2 though no significant benefit of the gun control program is recognized. According to John Lott and Eli Lehrer since the start of the new gun control program, crime rate in Canada has increased.3 The Canadian government also recently admitted it could not identify a single violent crime that had been solved through the process.3 Canadian Alliance Party critic Gary Breitkreuz says the current firearms law should emphasize on harsher punishment for those who use weapons in the commission of a crime.2 Bob Runciman called for the program to be put on hold while describing it as a waste of taxpayers' money.2 The Justice Department's statistics that claim Firearms Act and gun registrations are on the increase are irrelevant, since criminals don't sign up for licenses. From statistics compiled from the registration program it is clear that even though rural Canada has by far the majority of firearms, it still recorded the least amount of crimi

How Roche Diagnostics Develops Global Managers Essay

How Roche Diagnostics Develops Global Managers - Essay Example To become a global manager a person must have a combination of experience, education, and exposure to foreign locations. Being bilingual or speaking several languages is a great skill to have for a global manager. The responsibility for producing global managers lies in the human resource department of a corporation. The HR department has to recruit global managers and it must also develop in-house talent to become the future leaders of an organization. Developing talent internally has tremendous benefits for a company because it helps improve the employee retention rate of the firm. The participation of the executive management team is necessary to design an effective global management training program. The CEO must be involved in the process because he is a person that can influence the aspirations of a young talented businessperson to become a global leader. My career choice is business administration. Global leaders are needed in business organizations due to the fact that intern ational expansion has become a strategy that is used more than ever before by business organizations. In the United States many companies have started out small. For instance Starbucks started as a single coffeehouse that bought the Starbucks brand along with six stores. Today the firm has over 16,000 outlets worldwide. This massive international growth would not have been possible would the presence of global leaders. A lack of global leadership can be detrimental to a business organization. The managers of businesses must have basic knowledge about global affairs. For instance foreign exchange monetary fluctuation should be monitored by managers making purchasing decisions. If the currency of a country goes up by 30% in a month, this type of information would be important to know to stay away from buying goods from such a place that is facing inflationary forces. A lack of global leadership can also inhibit the ability of a manager to make decisions on how to market a company glob ally through the use of e-commerce. Most companies in today’s marketplace cannot rely solely on the domestic marketplace. The current affairs and policy changes of countries must be understood by global managers. If a country makes a product illegal a firm that does not keep up with changes in international laws could get into legal troubles if it does remove its product from a country that banned its use. The United States government must get more involved in the development of global leaders. There are numerous ways in which the government can contribute towards the cause. For instance the government could develop an incentive program that would pay companies 50% of the travel expenses associated with training and development programs for global management. Another way the government could help is by offering more grants and scholarships for graduate students studying international business. The Federal government will let students borrow up to $138,500 to complete a gradua te degree (Studentaid, 2011). This type of access to financing helps, but a lot of adults are not willing to absorb so much extra debt when they have to pay a mortgage, other debt payments, bills, and living expenses for themselves and their families. At the undergraduate level the government has an excellent scholarship program called Pell Grant. The government could create a similar grant program for business graduate students

American Government Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American Government Assignment - Essay Example Many critics oppose this system of drug test among students because they feel that it violates the right to privacy of the young people. Random drug testing challenges the honesty and integrity of the students. The students might land up answering to many embarrassing questions asked by their teachers which cause unnecessary stress to students. (Kowalski, 2006, p.40) Teachers and parents of these students should try to encourage them to lead a drug free life. Students under the influence of drug, suffers from behavioral adjustment problems (DuPont & Brady, 2005, p.81). However this conflict of interests might be resolved by adopting softer and more considerate measures after the results of drug tests have been obtained. The ‘Tea Party’ The Tea Party movement is a very powerful movement in modern day America. Its agenda is to save the country from moving away from autonomy and liberty so that it can provide a greater prosperity for the upcoming generation. Tea Party suppo rters comprises of 89 percent white and only 1 percent black. The members of this movement are very qualified and belong to the higher income group of the society. The ‘Tea Party’ members are identified as ‘angry’ because they are angry with the performance of the government. They are unhappy because the government is unable to represent the people. Government is not working on the health care reform bill. The supporters of this movement are mostly concerned with the economic issues of the state. This party is not a third political party but it voices against the illegal immigration, indiscrimination between races and the lack of good job. (Tea Party Supporters: Who They Are and What They Believe, 2010). Chapter 4: The Heritage of Rights and Liberties Equal Protection of the Laws The article â€Å"Same-Sex Marriage, Civil Unions, and Domestic Partnerships†, talks about legalizing the same-sex marriage on grounds of equal protection of the laws. Same sex marriage has been the most prominent issue in the last few years of the politics of United States. Numerous agitations took place among the religious groups which forced the legislation to either prohibit or legalize this practice. Gay rights organizers had been collecting money and muscle power from different places of United States to convince the lawmakers to approve the right of same sex marriage. Supporters of same sex-marriage have proclaimed that marriage is a representation of love and promises and naming something else to the amalgamation of same sex couple proves that they are been treated as a second- class citizen. They also claim that, they should also enjoy the legal rights that are attached to marriage. Many states of U.S have denied changing the status quo but few states like Washington D.C, Connecticut, Iowa, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Vermont do produce marriage licenses to the same sex-couple. In June 2011, New York legislation permitted same-sex marriag e. After few days of legalizing this practice, the Rhode Island State Senate permitted a bill allowing civil unions though it was strongly protested by the gay rights promoters. Same sex marriage is mostly successful in New York because twenty nine states have banned this practice where as twelve other states have initiated law against this practice. In the year 2012, the Gay-rights groups are planning to seek ballot to lift the ban in Maine so that same-sex marriage can be allowed there. In the year 2008,

Health law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health law - Essay Example These acts highlighted the need to protect citizens from domestic bioterrorism. The bioterrorist threat urged the public agencies and officials at all levels of government to give some coordinated response. In this paper we analyze North Carolina communicable disease control laws highlighted in the article of Moore Responding to Biological Threats: The Public Health Systems Communicable Disease Control Authority. In North Carolina communicable disease control laws give state and local public health officials numerous powers and duties to control the spread of communicable diseases. Public health officials receive reports of communicable diseases and conditions from physicians and other parties, investigate individual cases of communicable diseases and disease outbreaks, conduct disease surveillance activities, provide certain clinical and laboratory services, educate the public about communicable diseases and conditions, and attempt to ensure that individuals comply with communicable disease control measures. (Moore, 2001) Commission for Health Services promulgates communicable disease control rules ad grants the authority to the state health director to examine patient records pertaining to communicable diseases and to order isolation or quarantine in appropriate circumstances. Local health directors are also empowered to ‘limit the freedom of movement’ of the person. (Moore, 2001) The reporting by public health providers is the disclosure of health information that is ordinarily considered confidential. The disclosures are required by law to avert serious threats to health or safety. The disclosure of communicable disease information is regulated by two laws: the federal medical privacy rule (also known as the HIPAA privacy rule), and a state statute that addresses the confidentiality of communicable disease information.(Moore, 2001) These are the main issues we want to discuss in our paper. These regulations are

Matt Cruse Essay Example for Free

Matt Cruse Essay Free essays botnet Free sample essays for human being Skip to content * Home Free Essay on â€Å"Nuclear Weapons And Defense† Free Essay on â€Å"Airborne (Book)† Posted on June 11, 2011 by Essay fuhrer bot Free essay on Free Essay on â€Å"Airborne (Book)† found Airborn Joseph Campbell`s theory is used in this essay to determine that Matt Cruse is the hero in Airborn by Kenneth Oppel. Kenneth Oppel has developed the main character, Matt Cruse, very well using Joseph Campbell`s theory on the archetype of the hero`s journey. The novel`s main character, Matt Cruse, is a hero because of his call to destiny, his journey in the book, and the return, reward and reintegration in to the society. Firstly, the evidence that proves that Matt Cruse is a hero in this book is the fact that he was called to his destiny. There are two evidence that lead up to Matt Cruses` destiny. The two evidence are when he rescued Benjamin Molloy and when Benjamin was about to die, Benjamin Molloy said about magnificent creatures that he saw but Matt passed those predictions as the ravings of a dying man. The second evidence that proves that he was called to his destiny is the fact that Kate De Vries, second female character, comes on board the aurora and tells Matt that the man that Matt saved a year before was her grandfather, Kate trusts Matt enough to let him see her grandfather’s diary. Matt reads about what Kate’s grandfather saw and gets amazed and starts to believe that the creatures really exist. Matt rescues Benjamin Molloy, Kate’s grandfather, in the first chapter where all the characters are introduced and the captain asks matt to go in an arm that is aboard the aurora and rescue the damaged man in the hot air balloon. Hero’s are always brave and so is Matt. â€Å"â€Å"Mr. Cruse, I look at you, and of all the men, you’re the one who shows not the slightest hint of fear. Am I right? â€Å"Yes, sir. I have no fear of heights. † Matt said †

Analysis of the halal industry

Analysis of the halal industry The world Muslim population is growing to a total of 1.6 billion people. By 2025, Muslims are expected to account for 30% of the worlds population. As for halal products, there are about 1.5 billion consumers, This means that one out of every four human beings consumes halal products. At present, Southeast Asia and the Middle East are the two strong markets for halal products (Riaz, 1998). As at 2008, the Halal Industry has amounted to USD2.1 trillion. This is certainly an important market to tap into. The Halal industry which also includes Islamic finance is estimated to be worth between USD200 billion to USD500 billion annually, with an annual growth rate forecast of 12% to 15% for the next 10 years. Marketing efforts to supply certified halal products throughout the world are gaining momentum. Demands for Halal-certified products have increased exponentially not only because the Muslim consumer base is growing but also due to the fact that Halal products now appeal to a broader spectrum. Halal has become the new benchmark for safety and quality assurance. The growing appeal and benefits of this niche market is significant. Major non-Muslim countries like Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada and the U.S. have already established their local production for the Halal market. The key driving factors for the projected growth of the Halal market are as follow: Growth in the Muslim population, the primary market for Halal food Rising incomes in primary markets for Halal food Increasing demand for safe, high quality food in primary markets Increasing demand for greater variety in primary markets Incidents of food marketed as Halal but failing to meet Halal requirements Development of the Asian Halal Market Asia has the largest Muslim population of any given region, but the population has modest per capita incomes, and hence lower total food consumption than other areas. For example, high population countries like India and Pakistan have relatively low consumer incomes and consequently exhibit lower per capita protein consumption. Despite lower income levels, this region has been at the forefront of capitalizing on the growing Halal market. Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, the Philippines, Brunei, China and India have all taken steps to tap into the global Halal market. For instance, the Singapore food industry has also taken a number of steps towards becoming a Halal hub, including an advertising campaign in the Middle East. Malaysia has also designs on becoming an international Halal hub and its government has taken a number of measures to support that objective including the establishment of the Halal Development Corporation. Thailand has moved to become a recognized Halal centre of excellence in science and testing. Brunei is currently co-operating with Australian companies in order to combine its role in the Muslim world with Australias track record in safe, high quality food production. The Chinese Halal industry is growing and is expected to expand its role in the global market. At the moment, the key advantage of the Chinese Halal industry is access to cheap labor. China recently signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the European Commission (EC) and already has several EC-approved companies ready to export Halal products to European markets. Indian exporters are attempting to gain recognition through the achievement of HACCP, ISO and Halal certification. Halal Market in Singapore and the internationalization of Singapores Halal Services Majils Ugama Islam Singapura (Muis), which is also known as the Islamic Religious Council of Singapore, is the Islamic authority in-charge of Muslim affairs in Singapore. Muis was established as a statutory board in 1968, when the Administration of Muslim Law Act (AMLA) came into effect. Muis is to advise the President of Singapore on all matters relating to Islam in Singapore. Among other things, Muis provides Halal Certification services. Muis is vested with the powers to act as the sole authority to administer and regulate Halal certification in Singapore. This is clearly stipulated in AMLA. By 2009, Muis certified more than 2,600 premises and has played an important role as the custodian of Halal food assurance for Singapores 15% Muslim population. Furthermore, the promising Halal food industry with the availability of many Halal-certified eating establishments has helped to foster social interaction between individuals from diverse racial, cultural and religious backgrounds. Halal Certification provides assurance to all Muslim consumers because it fulfills the Syariah law, which is a must for Muslims. To the non-Muslims, Halal products are quality products, simply due to the concept of halalan thoyyiban (Halal and wholesome) Introduction of Warees Halal As the Singapore Halal certification is well regarded and globally recognised, it has generated strong interests from companies, both in Singapore and beyond, planning to embark on the MUIS Halal Certification scheme and adopt the Singapore MUIS Halal Quality Management (HalMQ) system. Warees Halal, a division of MUIS subsidiary Warees Investments Pte Ltd, has been given the task of helping companies to attain certification. At the present moment, being the subsidiary of Muis, Warees Halal leverages on the existing Muis eHalal System to manage all aspects of the Halal Certification Process . Apart from this system Muis has engaged a third-party vendor Marshall Cavendish Business Information Pte Ltd, to manage its directory portal http:www.singaporehalaldirectory.com. Warees Halal is currently exploring new ways to improve and streamline their work processes and expand their reach to the global halal market. And one of initiatives is Current Business Model for Halal Global Market Currently, the major marketing channel for the Halal commodity suppliers and retailers is the commodity wholesale market. However, when the retailers make purchases in the wholesale market, the dominant suppliers may offer products that are not Halal certified. Besides, the retailers may be inconvenient to collect information on the price and other details of the Halal products. The current business model is the directory and business portal. The average online halal directory and business portal like the Singapore Halal Directory acts as a mere introductory service. Once the Buyers have identified products and suppliers of interest, both parties will have to move offline and continue using emails, faxes and myriads of spreadsheets that result in complexities, errors and added costs. According to the World Trade Organization the average international trade transaction involves: 20-30 different parties, 40 documents, 200 data elements (30 of which are repeated at least 30 times). The complexities of import-export add as much 15% administrative overhead to the actual cost of goods. In todays highly competitive global markets, Suppliers and their clients need to reduce and even eliminate inefficiencies that result in higher costs and possible loss of market share. Technological Challenges faced in this current model Standardisation and communication management between Warees Halal Staff and their clients Another challenge is the global outreach restriction due to geographical factors and limitation due to the current information technology infrastructure Emerging Business Models Economists said that the growth of Global Halal market is definitely depending on the participation of E-commerce and Halal E-marketplace. In fact, the regional Muslim countries like Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, and Singapore are currently speeding up the promotion of Halal concept, which aims to integrate the Halal producers and marketers. Thus, the development of Halal E-marketplace is facing huge challenge, in the perspective of having qualified Halal certified food producers to join in the Halal E-marketplace as to ensure the safety, hygiene and fairness of the commodity trading. Some of the Halal E-marketplaces includes the daganghalal site from Malaysia, zabihah.com a site with an directory which is a Halal business yellow pages in UK. Besides these sites, some of the Government Halal E-marketplace which are only include the Australian Halal Food Directory and Singapore Halal Directory. Halal E-Commerce Leaders in the industry Zabihah.com (http://www.zabihah.com) Zabihah.com is the largest database of Halal restaurants and markets.Based in the USA, it was created in July of 1999. And till to this date, zabihah.com has become an indispensable resource for Muslim communities worldwide. DagangHalal.com (http://www.DagangHalal.com) DagangHalal.com, based in Malaysia is one of the B2B e-marketplaces featuring Halal products and services. It provides an online platform as well as other business sourcing channels for our merchants to reach out to a potential worldwide Muslim market of 1.8 billion consumers (estimated worth US$500bil to US$2 trillion global Halal trade value). HalalBusinessDirectory.com (http://HalalBusinessDirectory.com) The Halal Business Directory, a UK Based Website provides a free service to Halal Businesses enabling them to publicise their online presence, and a free service to the public to help locate local businesses. Both user friendly and search engine friendly, the Halal Business Directory also provides a business listing with contact details, products and services, and a link to selected businesses websites. Halalexchange (http://www.halalexchange.com) Halal Exchangeà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ is a joint venture project in UAE between Halal Exchange Inc. and RAK Investment Authority under the patronage of His Highness Prince Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi Crown Prince and Deputy Ruler of Ras Al Khaimah. Halal Exchange is a web-based enterprise solution for the challenges of Global Sourcing. Founded in January 2002, the mission focused exclusively on developing the standard template for the complex, costly and convoluted import export process. The proprietary eCatalogue-Transaction Engineà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ delivers immediate results in increase of business volume and higher profit margins. Halal Exchange is headquartered in Vancouver with offices in Kuala Lumpur, Shanghai, Dubai and San Francisco. Australian Halal Food Directory (http://www.halal.com.au/) Halal.com.au is Australias first comprehensive Halal dining guide. Our aim in launching this site is to give Muslim people around Australia a handy resource to find Halal restaurants, cafes and other eateries. Of course, we hope that this site can be of use to non-Muslims as well! Singapore Halal Directory (http://www.singaporehalaldirectory.com) (Waiting for info from Razali) Present Information Technology Infrastructure Future or Proposed Information Technology Infrastructure E-commerce and online business portal had been proved to be one of the best e-business solutions to penetrate the emerging market. However, not much e-commerce portal either by government or private sector that focuses on the Halal market has being seen in the Halal trade market. B2B Model, B2C Model E-marketplace is an electronic exchange marketplace where companies register as sellers or buyers to communicate and conduct business over the Internet. The E-marketplace has become an important electronic shopping environment that may evolve into a dominant force in Internet marketing. Most of the E-marketplaces with online stores are offering competing products. Featuring is associated with a price premium and it serves as a mechanism to mitigate competition among online stores. In essence, featuring facilitates a convenience-price trade-off. Those consumers who find that the cost of searching outweighs the benefit of a lower expected price shop at the featured store where the price is higher on average. The E-Commerce mechanism of the Halal E-marketplace can improve trading efficiency and lower the cost of collecting information as well as the purchase price. The E-marketplace can use a combination of pictures, literal description, and regulated classification to introduce the quality and details of the traded commodities. Hence, Halal E-marketplace is found to be an emerging e-marketplace for the global Halal industries since the early years. Contradicted to the conventional E-marketplace, one of the unique features of Halal E-Marketplace is that it requires all the Halal businesses and services to be provided and transacted online according to the Halal principles and Muslim values. This is to ensure the benefits of the Halal consumers from around the world. The unique features of the Halal E-Marketplace include: Only the Halal certified products and services can be exhibited and traded online Operated according to the Halal principles and Muslim values Cultivate the Islamic values of Hygiene, Sincerity, Fairness and Trustworthiness Promotes the right way of doing trading activities Economic Benefits of the Halal E-marketplace Halal industry businesses and services providers can be benefit from the Halal E-Marketplace. For example, Halal food producers representing each section in a supply-chain could join Halal e-marketplace to transfer information and purchase products. They may operate on a cost-recovery basis by an independent third party (such as an industry association) or be set up as a business offering, with a middle-person providing a value-added function such as transaction services. Services offered by Halal E-marketplaces include the business directory listings, electronic catalogues for online purchasing of goods and services and trading or transaction services. Halal E-marketplaces that are worth considering are those that interconnect with other marketplaces and allow low-cost connection to a firms financial accounting systems. The economic benefits of the Halal E-marketplace may include: Greater opportunities for the Halal suppliers and buyers to make new trading partnerships, either within their supply-chain or across supply-chains The potential to lower the costs of negotiating and making transactions with automation of standard business procedures The potential for more transparent pricing as Halal buyers and sellers take the opportunity to trade in a more open environment The opportunity to access value-added services such as inventory control and management of dispatch and distribution processes using electronic systems Product or Service Customer Analysis What are you selling? Whom are you selling it to? How do the products differ among competitors in the same business? Who are your primary customers? What do your customers think about your business strengths and weaknesses?

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: essays research papers

To Kill a Mockingbird   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, is a novel written with a certain substance that is lacking in many novels of the 20th Century. Harper Lee was able to write this book, which heavily represents a very robust set of morals, in a way that expresses her opinions, rather than desecrating other people’s beliefs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee introduced her feelings towards the injustice that happens in our justice system, the ways that segregation and discrimination are sometimes overlooked in our society, and that you can’t fully understand someone else’s opinion until you â€Å"climb into his skin and walk around in it.† She was able to express her views through these themes, without being overly manipulative. The injustice in our society’s justice system is represented by the trial of Tom Robinson. A woman named Mayella Ewell accused Tom Robinson of rape. Even though Tom’s lawyer, Att icus Finch, was able to prove that Tom could not have raped Mayella, Tom is found guilty because he is a black man, and according to Atticus when he tries to describe what happened to his daughter â€Å"Scout,† a judge will always believe a white woman’s word, no matter how low she is in the caste system to any black man’s word. This is just one of the many overlooked ways of segregation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harper Lee also expresses her views on how hypocritical many Americans were when it came to segregation. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee describes an elementary school teacher that denounces the way that the Jewish people were treated by Hitler, but she sees nothing wrong with the way that Tom Robinson is being treated for merely being accused of rape by Mayella Ewell. Another point that Harper Lee makes clear is by describing that there is a group of people who run charities to raise money for the people of Africa, because the Africans lead lives which are so awful, but they completely overlook that there are African-Americans living in the same town who live as poorly as they would in Africa, but no one seems to notice and care about them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the final themes that Harper Lee presents is that it is impossible to understand anyone else unless you â€Å"climb into his skin and walk around in it.† For instance, there is a character named Boo To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: essays research papers To Kill a Mockingbird   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, is a novel written with a certain substance that is lacking in many novels of the 20th Century. Harper Lee was able to write this book, which heavily represents a very robust set of morals, in a way that expresses her opinions, rather than desecrating other people’s beliefs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee introduced her feelings towards the injustice that happens in our justice system, the ways that segregation and discrimination are sometimes overlooked in our society, and that you can’t fully understand someone else’s opinion until you â€Å"climb into his skin and walk around in it.† She was able to express her views through these themes, without being overly manipulative. The injustice in our society’s justice system is represented by the trial of Tom Robinson. A woman named Mayella Ewell accused Tom Robinson of rape. Even though Tom’s lawyer, Att icus Finch, was able to prove that Tom could not have raped Mayella, Tom is found guilty because he is a black man, and according to Atticus when he tries to describe what happened to his daughter â€Å"Scout,† a judge will always believe a white woman’s word, no matter how low she is in the caste system to any black man’s word. This is just one of the many overlooked ways of segregation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harper Lee also expresses her views on how hypocritical many Americans were when it came to segregation. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee describes an elementary school teacher that denounces the way that the Jewish people were treated by Hitler, but she sees nothing wrong with the way that Tom Robinson is being treated for merely being accused of rape by Mayella Ewell. Another point that Harper Lee makes clear is by describing that there is a group of people who run charities to raise money for the people of Africa, because the Africans lead lives which are so awful, but they completely overlook that there are African-Americans living in the same town who live as poorly as they would in Africa, but no one seems to notice and care about them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the final themes that Harper Lee presents is that it is impossible to understand anyone else unless you â€Å"climb into his skin and walk around in it.† For instance, there is a character named Boo

Innocence Lost by Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay -- Nathaniel Hawthorne Inn

Innocence Lost by Nathaniel Hawthorne My Kinsman, Major Molineux and Young Goodman Brown present Nathaniel Hawthorne’s belief in the universality of sin. These works provide numerous perspectives into the nature of the human condition and the individual’s role within it. Hawthorne fictionalizes a world where communion with man is essential for spiritual satisfaction. The main characters of these stories face moral dilemmas through their pursuit of human communion. Whether the problems are moral, psychological, or both, Hawthorne insists that the individual must come to affirm a tie with the procession of life, must come to achieve some sense of brotherhood of man. In order to commune with mankind, one has to give up a secure, ordered and innocent world. The individual becomes liable to a fearsome array of complex emotions. One feels alienated by a community that forces himself to corruption while his isolation creates an ambiguity. The newly initiated into the rites of man appears no more moral than th ose who he disdains. Hawthorne presents a world where communion with mankind leads to corruption while isolation from humans is an unpardonable sin. Nathaniel Hawthorne presents an interesting predicament in man's search for communion with his fellow man. Coming of age in Hawthorne's time requires an affirmation of sin, communion with sinners and celebration of life through sin. Hawthorne creates this environment by grounding the consequences on earth. To feel the universal throb of brotherhood, one must recognize sin, participate in and celebrate it. Hawthorne affirms, recognizes and revels in the depravity of the human condition. The first fatal step of understanding human nature is a self-conscious probing that ends in confusion. The story of My Kinsmen, Major Molineux presents the youthful character of Robin on his way from the country to the town of Boston. He wishes to succeed within the community, and figures that it will not be difficult because of his connection through Major Molineux, a prominent figure of the community. Hawthorne erodes innocence slowly through the harsh experience of urban realities. Robin’s initial contact with the residents of this community jostles his confidence. He does not yet understand the harshness of adults and happily continues on his way. But Hawthorne underscores the cost of his yearning. Robin has t... ... later. Camus insists Sisyphus is happy or there is no joy or redemption for life on earth. The profundity of Hawthorne is apparent in his notions of the human condition. Nathaniel Hawthorne concludes his discovery of sin in the human condition at the point of universal appeal. The key for Hawthorne’s understanding of the human condition is the recognition of the universality of sin. So take this work for its imperfections, instead of tormenting these ideas with the harsh meter stick of faithless standards. Nathaniel Hawthorne believes that understanding man is understanding its moral condition of imperfection. Works Cited: Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"Ethan Brand†. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Tales. Ed. James McIntosh. Norton Critical Edition. New York: Norton, 1987. 231-244. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"My Kinsman, Major Molineux†. Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1994. 1173-1186. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†. Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1994. 1198-1207. Stubbs, John C. The Pursuit of Form: a study of Hawthorne and the romance. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1970.

Advertisement for Ghost Creek Golf Course :: Advertising Marketing

Ghost Creek, A Great Place to Play The July 4, 1998 issue of Golfweek magazine contains an advertisement about a well-known golf course in Cornelius, Oregon. The golf course is called Ghost Creek and the owners’ claim of policy is that they want people to come and play their golf course. The owners’ use a beautiful picture of the course to entice the reader to come and play the golf course. The advertisement uses claims of both fact and value, to further the claim of policy as well as offering supports and warrants to give credibility to the claim of policy. To further Ghost Creek’s claim of policy in the advertisement, the owners offer many claims of fact. One claim of fact that is offered by the advertisement is that the magazine, Golf Digest, chose Ghost Creek to be the best new public golf course for the year, 1992. Likewise, another credible golf magazine, Golf Magazine, ranked Ghost Creek 13th out of the top 100 one can play for the year, 1998. Furthermore, many very prestigious golf tournaments have been played on Ghost Creek, including the Nike Tour Championship in 1993 and 1994 and also the 1996 United States Amateur Championship, which was won by the great Tiger Woods. These claims of fact, as one can, see are used to further Ghost Creek’s claim of policy, which is to come and play a great championship golf course. Once more to further Ghost Creek’s claim of policy in the advertisement, the owners offer not only claims of fact, but also many claims of value. One claim of value Ghost Creek offers is just the sheer beauty of the golf course, as seen in the picture of the advertisement. This claim of value lets the reader feel as if he or she is there in real life. Another claim of value the golf course offers is that Tiger Woods has played and won a major tournament there, the 1996 U.S. Amateur Championship. This claim of value provides the reader with knowledge that one of the great pros in the game today has played there. Many readers would want to come and play a golf course where one of the best has played and won. Other claims of value that the advertisement entails are how relaxing, still, and quiet it is at Ghost Creek.

Implementation of Risc Processor in Fpga Using Verilog Essay

Reduced instruction-set computers (RISC) are designed to have a small set of instructions that execute in short clock cycles, with a small number of cycles per instruction. RISC machines are optimized to achieve efficient pipelining of their instruction streams. The machine also serves as a starting point for developing architectural variants and a more robust instruction set Designers make high-level tradeoffs in selecting an architecture that serves an application. Once architecture has been selected, a circuit that has sufficient performance (speed) must be synthesized. Hardware description languages (HDLs) play a key role in this process by modeling the system and serving as a descriptive medium that can be used by a synthesis tool. 2. RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) The nature of RISC architecture and semiconductors rapid technical improvements, RISC embedded platforms have become the best choice for embedded applications. RISC performance characteristics: Power Critical Battery powered and typically less than 2 Watts of power consumption for a whole SBC using an ARM processor, compared to around 15+ Watts for a x86-based SBC. Space Critical With a low power solution, the main system can fit into very compact space, eliminating heat dissipation concerns. Environmental Critical Because of the lack of heat generation, the RISC system can be fully enclosed for total protection from the environment Cost Critical RISC embedded solutions usually come with application-oriented processors that provide a lower cost of ownership because of faster time to market, less development risk and greater overall added value. Typical RISC applications: †¢ Industrial mobile platforms †¢ Touch based Human Machine Interface (HMI) †¢ Point of information (POI) or Point of Scales (POS) †¢ In vehicle – Telemetric †¢ Data collector †¢ Security controller 2.1 STEPS INVOLVED IN THE PROJECT 3. 3. Architecture of RISC Stored Program Machine [pic] The machine consists of three functional units: †¢ Processor †¢ Controller †¢ Memory Program instructions and data are stored in memory. In program-directed operation, instructions are fetched synchronously from memory, decoded, and executed to âž ¢ operate on data within the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) âž ¢ change the contents of storage registers âž ¢ change the contents of the program counter (PC), instruction register (IR) and the address register (ADD_R) âž ¢ change the contents of memory, âž ¢ Retrieve data and instructions from memory control the movement of data on the system busses. The instruction register contains the instruction that is currently being executed. The program counter contains the address of the next instruction to be executed and the address register holds the address of the memory location that will be addressed next by a read or write operation 3.1 RISC_SPM: Processor The processor includes registers, datapaths, control lines, and an ALU capable of performing arithmetic and logic operations on its operands, subject to the opcode held in the instruction register. A multiplexer Mux_l, determines the source of data for Bus_l, and a second mux, Mux_2, determines the source of data for Bus_2. The input datapaths to Mux_l are from four internal general-purpose registers (RO, Rl, R2, R3), and from the Pc. The contents of Bus_l can be steered to the ALU, to memory, or to Bus_2 (via Mux_2). The input datapaths to Mux_2 are from the ALU, Mux_l, and the memory unit. Thus, an instruction can be fetched from memory, placed on Bus_2, and loaded into the instruction register. A word of data can be fetched from memory, and steered to a general-purpose register or to the operand register (Reg_Y) prior to an operation of the ALU. The result of an ALU operation can be placed on Bus_2, loaded into a register, and subsequently transferred to memory. A dedicated register (Reg_Z) holds a flag indicating that the result of an ALU operation is 0. 3.2 RISC_SPM: Controller The timing of all activity is determined by the controller. The controller must steer data to the proper destination, according to the instruction being executed. Thus, the design of the controller is strongly dependent on the specification of the machine’s ALU and datapath resources and the clocking scheme available. Here a single clock is used, and execution of an instruction is initiated on a single edge of the clock (the rising edge). The controller monitors the state of the processing unit and the instruction to be executed and determines the value of the control signals. The controller’s input signals are the instruction word and the zero flag from the ALU. The signals produced by the controller are identified as follows: [pic] Thus the control unit âž ¢ determines when to load registers âž ¢ selects the path of data through the multiplexers âž ¢ determines when data should be written to memory âž ¢ Controls the three-state busses in the architecture. RISC SPM: Instruction Set The machine is controlled by a machine language program consisting of a set of instructions stored in memory. So, in addition to depending on the machine’s architecture, the design depends on the processor instruction set (i.e., the instructions that can be executed by a program). A machine language program consists of a stored sequence of 8-bit words (bytes). The format of an instruction of RISC_SPM can be long or short depending upon the operation. Short instructions have the format | opcode | source | destination | | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Each shot instruction requires one byte of memory. The word has a 4-bit opcode, a 2-bit source register address, and a 2-bit destination register address. Long instructions have the format | opcode | source | destination | | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | Don’t |Don’t | | | | | | | |cares |cares | | address | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1` | 0 | 1 | A long instruction requires 2 bytes of memory. The first word of a long instruction contains a 4-bit opcode. The remaining 4 bits of the word can be used to specify the address of a pair of source and destination registers, depending on the instruction. The second word contains the address of the memory word that holds an operand required by the instruction. The instruction mnemonics and their actions are limited below. Single-Byte Instructions †¢ NOP: Here no operation is performed; all registers retain their values. The address of the source and destination registers is dint care’s, they have no effect. †¢ ADD: Adds the contents of the source and destination registers and stores the result into destination register. †¢ AND: Forms the bitwise-and of the contents of the source and destination registers and stores the result into the destination registers. †¢ NOT: Forms the bitwise-and of the contents of the source register and stores the result into the destination register. †¢ SUB: Subtracts the contents of the source register from destination register and stores the result into source register. Two-Byte Instructions †¢ RD: Fetches a memory word from the location specified by the second byte and loads the result into the destination register. The source register bits are don’t cares which means that they are unused. †¢ WR: Writes the contents of the source register to the word in memory specified by the address held in the second byte. The destination register bits are don’t cares which means that they are unused. †¢ BR: Branches the activity flow by loading the program counter with the word at the location (address) specified by the second byte of the instruction. The source register bits and the destination register bits are don’t cares which means that they are unused. †¢ BRZ: Branches the activity flow by loading the program counter with the word at the location (address) specified by the second byte of the instruction if zero flag register is asserted. The source register bits and the destination register bits are don’t cares which means that t hey are unused. Instruction set of RISC_SPM machine | Instruction | Instruction Word | Action | | | Opcode | Source | Destination | | | NOP | 0000 | | | None | | ADD | 0001 | src | dest | dest

Costs Of Building A Zero Carbon Dwelling Environmental Sciences Essay

To province that a house is zero C the C dioxide emanations ensuing from all the energy used in the home have to be zero or better. Put merely, a zero C place uses less energy than it generates over a fit period of clip. This will include all contraptions and takes into history the onsite renewable energy installings. Presently the building industry is responsible for the ingestion of over 400 million metric tons of natural stuffs every twelvemonth ( DTI, 2006 ) . This has helped consume our natural resources, destroy home grounds and make a important sum of pollution. Many professionals have begun to defend the usage of green edifice merchandises so as to cut down the industry ‘s impact on the environment. It is recommended that the authorities should promote the building industry to follow these alterations. Surveies have shown that place proprietors are witting of the of all time altering clime alteration and are willing to alter the hereafter and their places if they can pr acticably make it. Through the usage of questionnaires every bit good as a series of interviews information was gathered from householders sing their ideas on the usage of green edifice merchandises, obstructions forestalling the alteration to zero C place, the value of Government policy, effectivity of Government action, and thoughts for the hereafter. Consequences indicated the chief obstruction to constructing a nothing C emanation home was a deficiency of environmental information, interviewees commented on how hard it was to happen out the environmental friendliness of edifice merchandises. When it came to Government policy, many indicated that their cognition of this was excessively unclear to be of usage. It was reported that on the whole the action by the Government was deficient and that it could make significantly more. Recommendations included the debut of statute law and a simpler usher to follow and understand. Keywords: Green Materials, Zero Carbon, Government Policy, Environment 1. Introduction1.1. BackgroundThe actions of the building industry have important long-run impacts upon the environment. In recent old ages at that place has been a mounting consensus within the building industry and within authorities on the demand for more and pressing action to undertake clime alteration. In the United Kingdom entirely, the building industry uses over 400 million metric tons of natural stuffs per annum and produces over 90 million metric tons of destruction and building waste per annum which is about three times every bit much as family waste ( DTI, 2006 ) . Approximately 40 % of the nursery emanations within the UK are produced by the building, activity and care of edifices ( Jones, 2008 ) . Even though the industry is damaging to the well being of the environment the industry has an tremendous part to do in bettering the quality of life for everyone and in add-on it excessively is of import to the stableness of the UK economic system as it employs around 3 milli on people, has an end product worth in surplus of ?100 billion and histories for at least 8 % of the GDP ( HM Government, 2008 ) . Encouragement for more sustainable building has been a cardinal purpose of assorted stakeholders including the authorities. Undertaking clime alteration is about more than merely turning away of environmental ruin. It can bring forth a better category of society and a stronger, more sustainable economic system. There are touchable, immediate benefits for concern. It can guarantee that our economic system emerges from the planetary diminution at the head of the technological and societal displacement that will specify the hereafter. With procuring these benefits it means recognizing the necessity of action. The full universe is engaged in a race to take down C emanations, and moving early will merely profit us in the hereafter as we will be positioned good for the new industries that are being created. Presently the planetary market for low C services and goods is already deserving over ?3 trillion per annum, and will most likely grow by half that once more by 2015. By now, about 900, 000 people work within the low C sector or its supply concatenation in the UK, non merely limited to green fabrication but in green services for illustration consultancy or low C venture capital. The usage of green edifice merchandises can accordingly play an of import portion in diminishing the overall impact of the building industry on the environment. Green edifice merchandises can take many signifiers, to province that a edifice stuff or merchandise is green merely it has to hold at least one of the undermentioned features atoxic, recycled content, resource efficient, long life rhythm, or, environmentally witting. Some stuffs and merchandises have more of these features than others and are, hence, considered â€Å" greener † . In recent old ages at that place has been an increasing consensus within the scientific community and within authorities on the demand for farther and pressing action to cover with clime alteration. With this in head the Committee on Climate Change was asked to reevaluate the Government ‘s long-run mark, to cut down C dioxide emanations to 60 % below 1990 degrees by 2050. The Government has acknowledged the Committee ‘s recommendation that the mark should be to diminish nursery gas emanations to 80 % below basal twelvemonth degrees by 2050. Planing clime alteration intercessions to be as cost effectual and efficient as possible has become of all time more of import in the current economic clime. Gaining the extenuation potency at the least cost to the economic system requires an effectual, believable and good considered policy model to present the needed emanations decreases. ( DEFRA & A ; Department of Energy and Climate Change, 2009 ) At a glimpse the Government appears to be dedicated to promoting the usage of green edifice merchandises, but it is truly excessively early to cognize whether this degree of committedness is in fact holding any influence on the attitudes and behavior of those charged with stipulating stuffs. The purpose of this survey is to find the existent cost of constructing a nothing C home, how successful the authorities has been on promoting the alterations necessary to be deemed zero C, the alterations that occur as a consequence. Before this can be achieved it will be necessary to travel over the authorities ‘s policy in full and moreover analyze the extent to which green edifice merchandises are presently specified. In add-on it will be of import here to analyze what issues prevent the usage of green stuffs and afterwards decide whether the authorities is set abouting plenty to battle these issues. The bulk of the research will concentrate on how to go zero C and the cost in making so, in add-on looking into the affects this has on Government programs. Obviously the survey can non see every subdivision of the building industry, so the survey will take to hold a broad set of positions and sentiments runing from Quantity surveyors, Building surveyors, Architects, place proprietors and Government organic structures.1.2 Research AimThe full intent of this survey was to find the existent cost of constructing a nothing C emanation home. Research Aims What are the emanations marks set by the Government, what is being done to run into these deadlines? To find what action the Government has taken so far to promote householders to take a greener option, can they make better? To analyze the sentiments of place proprietors and the general feeling towards Government policy on going zero C. What can home proprietors do to go zero C, and are they willing to pass money on these alterations? What are the advantages and disadvantages for place proprietors, the Government and the environment? Do place proprietors have the same positions as the Government? Outline Research Methodology The cardinal facet of this survey is happening out what the existent cost is for constructing a nothing C emanation brooding. A qualitative research attack has been adopted. The research is non based upon a clear theory or job and so it is non nonsubjective by nature, therefore the quantitative attack is non appropriate to the research. The first aim is to be attained through an in-depth reappraisal of the authorities policy and enterprises, whilst the other four will be achieved through the aggregation of informations, subsequent analysis and farther research, However before this takes topographic point a huge reappraisal of literature is required to bring out the cardinal theories. There are two methods of informations aggregation within this thesis, the questionnaire and the interview. The questionnaire will be employed to garner general information from a comparatively big sample of the place proprietors, whilst telephone or in individual interviews will be conducted to illicit more in-depth information from a much smaller sample. It was hoped that together, both methods would garner the best information to accomplish the purpose of this thesis and get the better of the restrictions of each method. The questionnaire is structured so that inquiries are set out into subdivisions that each relate to an aim. Respondents from the questionnaire were asked if they would be happy to take portion in an interview, either in individual or over telephone. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven respondents, they were each asked the same inquiries but were on occasion probed for more elaborate responses. The assorted statistical trials were inappropriate for the qualitative research attack employed within this thesis, alternatively information from the questionnaire was analysed utilizing the descriptive statistics methods. The findings would be used together with the interview findings to explicate any tendencies from the questionnaires. Contentss The contents of the thesis are as follows: Literature Review – Scope of chapter – Specification in pattern – Obstacles to Specification – Government Action – Summary Research Methodology – Scope – Proposal – Scheme – Design – Methods of Data Collection Data Collection Methods – Scope – Questionnaires – Interviews Datas Analysis – Scope – Method of Analysis – Data Analysis Discussion & A ; Conclusion – Scope – Discussion – Decision – Recommendations – Deficiencies/Limitations – Further Research Mentions Appendix2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 ScopeThis chapter looks to analyze a assortment of stuff in the signifier of books, articles, diaries amongst others, all of which are related to replying the inquiry â€Å" The existent cost of constructing a nothing C emanation brooding † It begins with a bomber chapter that looks to explicate what is required to hold a home nothing C. It so includes legion bomber chapters that seek to look into how much it will be to go zero C and how easy is it for householders to do the alteration. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the cardinal actions made by the Government in trying to promote place proprietors to do the alteration. The axial rotation in which the authorities plays in cut downing the C pes print and the marks that have been set.2.2 What is a Zero Carbon Dwelling?To set merely a nothing C home is one that returns to the National Grid every bit much power as it uses over the class of a twelvemonth. Unless you plan on life somepla ce with no warming, electricity or H2O, that means a zero-carbon place will necessitate to be kitted out with equipment for micro coevals, the production of energy on a little graduated table. Therefore, mini wind turbines, solar panels and a wood pellet burner for bring forthing energy are the manner frontward to accomplishing a zero C emanations brooding. Meanwhile, to maintain that cherished energy in there is demand for clever, draught excepting building with super-insulated walls, a geothermic warming system pull outing heat from the land and triple-glazed Windowss. In add-on to this there could besides be a rain H2O roll uping armored combat vehicle to provide the lavation machine and toilets and to be connected to a reed-bed sewerage system for organically cleaning human waste. The HM Treasury describes a nothing C place: â€Å" Allowable electricity † means electricity generated from a zero-carbon energy beginning designed to function the home and which is conveyed to the home, or to a sub-station connected straight to the home, by overseas telegrams used entirely for the conveyance of electricity from that beginning. A zero C place is one with ‘zero net emanations of Carbon Dioxide ( CO2 ) from all energy usage in the place ‘ . The definition encompasses all energy usage in the place this includes all energy from cooking, TVs, computing machines and any other contraptions instead than merely those energy uses that are presently portion of edifice ordinances for illustration infinite warming, hot H2O, airing and some lighting. It means that over 12 months there are no net C emanations ensuing from the operation of the home. This could be achieved either through stairss taken at the single home degree or through site broad schemes. Consequently it will non be necessary for each home to hold its ain micro coevals capacity where development degree solutions would be more appropriate. ( DCLG 2006 ) It is of import to hold the right balance, rewrite the definition to slackly and there will be small or no micro coevals this includes land beginning heat pumps as developers go for the easier path of off puting, but write the definition excessively restrictive, and the mark of accomplishing zero C places will be viewed as close impossible to run into and merely will be ignored by developers, this besides means there will be small or no micro coevals. 2.3 Why Is Becoming Zero Caron Important? The motive for alteration is simple, since the morning of clip adult male has used resources to last and in present twenty-four hours we have developed a planet that relies to a great extent on natural stuffs from the Earth. The current universe population stands at merely under 7 billion ( CIA World Fact book, 2008 ) and is turning every twenty-four hours, as it grows so does the demand for natural stuffs. Natural stuffs such as coal, gas, and oil are being used quicker than the Earth can reproduce them intending the demand for new dependable resources. Figure. Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil-Fuel ( And Cement ) Production. Even more significantly CO2 emanations rates are at an all clip high which has resulted in clime alteration, which is going more evidentiary, for illustration the winter of 2009/2010 It was the coldest December in Britain for 14 old ages, 1.8C ( 3.2F ) below norm, and the coldest in Scotland for 28 old ages, 2.1C ( 3.8F ) below norm. ( The Times, 2010 ) Climate alteration is about surely the most of import issue to confront any coevals in history. The world-wide scientific community is practically consentaneous in its understanding that clime alteration is happening, and that it ‘s our mistake. The universe needs to alter before it gets out of our control, as the effects, which are already seeable, will be ruinous. Just some of the effects are lifting sea degrees due to the thaw of the polar ice caps, holes in the O-Zone bed, more frequent and more terrible natural catastrophes, large-scale nutrient deficits, pestilences, monolithic species extinctions, unprecedented Numberss o f refugees, intensified cultural and political tensenesss, and a planetary economic depression the likes of which no 1 has of all time seen. The state of affairs is still within our appreciation, but action must be taken now, we must move together and strongly. Every person must stand up and be accounted for, companies, and authoritiess across the full Earth must make what they can to change by reversal clime alteration before it becomes excessively late. The clip has to be now as we will ne'er acquire another chance.Untjhjitled.png 2.4 Driving Towards Zero Carbon Despite the current economic and political environment, there are multiple drivers that exist for the development of low C homes. These can be loosely separated into the undermentioned three classs, concern, cultural, and legislative drivers, which are examined below: 2.4.1 Business There is a turning civilization of corporate societal duty ( CSR ) within the building industry. The importance attached to CSR was strongly illustrated in the World Wide Fund for nature study, entitled ‘Building a Sustainable Future ‘ where a study of 20 of the UK largest lodging developers revealed that 70 % study publically on their attack to sustainability and 65 % have a corporate sustainability policy in topographic point. ( WWF, 2007 ) Consequently, CSR has the possible to be a powerful driver for zero C places, as companies strive to better their environmental public presentation. Furthermore, it was stated that in transcending minimal sustainability criterions, house builders can profit from enhanced trade name acknowledgment and repute. ( Carter, 2006 ) Similarly, the WWF reported, that accomplishing high criterions of environmental and societal public presentation can be used to a developer ‘s advantage to pull clients and high quality employees. However, the building supply concatenation could hold a more profound impact on the nothing C marks. ( WWF, 2005 ) 2.4.2 Cultural Despite the fact that client demand for low C homes is presently limited, it is acknowledged as a turning market and country of involvement. ( Carter, 2006 & A ; DEFRA 2005 ) A survey carried out in 2007 by Sponge Sustainability Network found that there is a turning desire amongst the UK populace to implement more sustainable life styles. The addition in client demand is likely to carry house builders to willingly integrate sustainable characteristics into future building undertakings. It is suggested that this upward low C civilization could be built upon by authorities enterprises, either through the proviso of financial inducements ( Dobson, 2007 ) or the incorporation of sustainability factors in belongings ratings. ( Lutzendorf & A ; Lorenz, 2007 ) Favourable be aftering policies, such as Planing Policy Statement 1 ( PPS1 ) ( DCLG, 2005 ) , and bing authorities policies, such as the Energy White Paper ( DTI, 2003 ) , which are aimed at advancing sustainability within the reinfor ced environment, are apt to farther heighten the integrating of such characteristics and the encouragement of a low C civilization. In add-on, these policies pave the manner for new statute law, to which stakeholders in the edifice industry are shown to react best. ( Structural Survey, 2007 & A ; CIOB, 2007 ) 2.4.3 Legislative The chance of future statute law itself should show to be a major driver in accomplishing zero C places by 2016. ( BRI, 2007 ) It is likely that the CSH, will go statute law and is expected to be the most influential driver for house builders to construct zero C places and that those who take on a pro-active attitude will derive extended and practical cognition of low C house edifice, from which they will harvest the benefits financially by being capable of run intoing the enhanced edifice demands more cost efficaciously. ( CIOB, 2006 ) The likely debut of the CSH as statute law, aboard with the execution of Energy Performance Certificates in line with the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, has been highlighted in a survey by Vorsatz etA Al. in 2007 as being highly successful in footings of decreases in CO2 emanations and cost effectivity, to the point that these steps could be the cardinal drivers for nothing C lodging. 2.5 Obstacles Against Achieving Zero Carbon? The last subdivision attempted to sketch the significance of a nothing C emanation brooding. There are a batch of alterations that have to be completed before a home can be deemed zero C, people tend to happen it hard to do alterations to a life style that they have came usage to over clip, besides this obvious obstruction there are legion others such as cost, strangeness, and These will be pointed out in this chapter. 2.5.1 Cost First it can be instead dearly-won to do any type of brooding zero C particularly if it ‘s updating current places as this involves money for something that in the bulk of place proprietor ‘s eyes is n't necessary. For bing homes, the edifice ordinances can non be retrospective but the eventual execution of Energy Performance Certificates ( EPCs ) could take to betterments being obligatory at the phase of selling any house. Currently, energy efficiency betterments to bing houses are chiefly carried out throughout rehabilitation plants as steps implemented by local governments, lodging associations and landlords to their ain homes. Individual proprietor residents may take to the option of upgrading insularity normally with the aid of grant assistance towards the outgo. The Government needs to acquire across the message and householders need to acknowledge that cut downing the C emanations on their lodging will take to higher capital costs but as a consequence will hold low er running costs. Underneath provinces several good grounds for sing a nothing C home: Lower your energy bill/consumption, Lessen our dependance on foreign oil, Preserve cherished universe resources, Follow the national and international tendency towards green life, Enjoy better wellness and wellbeing, Protect your lungs and respiratory system, Strengthen the immune systems of both yourself and your kids, Prevent/recover from chemically induced allergic reactions, Enjoy higher value and resale value of your place. Figure. What makes a nothing C place? ergteghdfgdfgdfg.png Bartlett & A ; Howard ( 2000 ) wrote that measure surveyors believed that the more environmentally friendly edifices cost between 5 – 15 % more than conventional 1s to construct. In contrast with, Lockwood ( 2006 ) studies that the market for green edifice merchandises is altering with many sustainable, non-toxic stuffs readily available at sensible monetary values and some recycled merchandises bing the same or less than conventional 1s. Spiegal & A ; Meadows, ( 2006 ) have besides highlighted that simple economic comparings show that green merchandises, particularly those with a high recycled content, are competitory for purchase and installing. On norm, premiums for green edifice merchandises are less than 2 % ( Kats, 2003 & A ; Morris, 2007 ) Never the less there is no warrant that the building industry will pay even a little addition in cost for green edifice merchandises as it frequently criticised for being focused entirely on net income ( House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, 2006 ) . Surveies have found that the cost of a new physique nothing C home is cheaper than trying to transform an bing belongings into a genuinely green place, nevertheless it is still expensive. The estimated cost for constructing a criterion nothing C place would be within the part of approximately ?120,000 to ?140,000, in contrast to a similar sized traditional belongings which will be around ?85,000. However, that does non include the cost of land, an expensive trade good in Britain, or the developers ‘ net incomes. The basic cost of a nothing C place, with no subsidies, is non likely to be less than ?350,000 to ?400,000, with that being said one time more have been constructed you will happen that it will go more low-cost as the engineering and expertness will go cheaper. ( TIM, 2007 ) The Calcutt reappraisal of house edifice provinces that many house builders refrain from utilizing green stuffs because they find that purchasers are loath to pay more for sustainable homes ( CLG, 2007 ) 2.5.2 Unfamiliarity 2.5.3 Time 2.4 Government Policy & A ; Action It is universally accepted that decreases in CO2 emanations are needed in order to stabilise the universe ‘s clime, and that these will be dearly-won and better implemented sooner instead than subsequently. The of all time altering clime has established itself as a major issue, and to assist undertake planetary warming the UK is seting itself on a way to cut its C dioxide emanations by some 60 % on 2000 degrees by 2050, with existent advancement by 2020. ( DTI, 2003 ) This was superseded by a authorities proclamation in October 2008 for a more ambitious mark perpetrating the UK to cut nursery gas emanations by 80 % by the center of the century. ( DECC, 2008 ) This committedness will necessitate C decreases to be made by all industries. The reinforced environment histories for a big proportion of emanations, C dioxide emanations from the lodging sector have risen by more than 5 % since 1997 and account for 27 % of the UK ‘s C footmark. ( DTI, 2003 ) The authorities has as a consequence highlighted the lodging building industry as a key sector where C decreases can be made. Due to tendencies in the formation of new families and the decrease in their mean size, combined with inward migration and longer life anticipation of the population as a whole, it has been estimated that an addition of around 120,000 private-sector and 26,000 societal places per twelvemonth over present supply is needed. ( Barker, 2004 ) The UK authorities ‘s response in 2005 was to show an aspiration to increase the supply of new lodging in England to 200,000 units per twelvemonth by 2016. This means that in 2050 about 30 % of lodging will hold been built since 2006, with the balance already bing now. In add-on, in December 2006, the authorities published the Code for Sustainable Homes ( CSH ) as a tract to accomplishing zero C places in England. ( DCLG, 2006 ) The CSH sets ambitious marks for the lodging building industry, for which the existent commercial benefits and cos ts are still unknown. Action to cut down entire emanations demands to be aimed at both new physique and bing lodging, nevertheless the UK authorities has decided to take a firm stand on improved criterions for new edifices, and positively cut down emanations by that path. This is possibly because in retrospective alteration to current edifices is perceived as complicated and unpopular, as evidenced by the taking off of a demand to do energy betterments to the bing cloth together with any proposal to widen an bing edifice with a floor country of less than 1000 M2 between the first proposal ( ODPM, 2004 ) and execution ( DCLG, 2006 ) of the 2006 Building Regulations. The authorities justifies this focal point on new physique by asseverating that doing every executable cost effectual energy betterment to bing places would cut down the annual CO2 emanations in 2050 by merely 25 % of what is required intending the remainder must be achieved in new built places. ( DCLG, 2006 ) Given that this will necessitate a ll new places built between now and 2050 to run into at least low or zero C criterions, there is a instance for re-examining this inexplicit rejection of a policy of energy betterments to bing edifices. Early consequences from a present research programme to recognize ways of cutting down C emanations from bing edifices ( Anon, 2004 ) expose the technological potency for halving the emanations from bing lodging, hence there will be enough of range for deploying the sorts of loans and subsidies to bing place proprietors that make betterments that are cost effectual and are used successfully elsewhere, for illustration in Germany. ( KFW, 2007 ) 2.4.1 The Code For Sustainable Homes The Code for Sustainable Homes ( DCLG, 2006 ) aims to supply a system for developing and showing superior environmental criterions by giving place proprietors better information about the sustainability and running costs of their places. In April 2007 there was a voluntary appraisal stage in order to derive experience in the methodological analysis, taking to a compulsory evaluation demand for all new places excepting bing places from 2008. The full appraisal is a evaluation method across all the countries of sustainability, based on the Eco Homes system, ( BRE, 2006 ) but it is proposed to do merely the energy/CO2 emanations evaluation mandatary and this will work through phased alterations to the Building Regulations. Eco Homes depends on a group of independent vouchers who will measure the design and carry out a station completion cheque on the edifice. In the instance of multi place developments they will look merely at each different house type and a sample of the completed units, as this makes better usage of clip. This station completion cheque on the energy/CO2 emanations public presentation is an of import alteration from the chiefly design based appraisal mentioned above, but the Code does non discourse its nature. In common with the other dimensions of sustainability, the overall energy/CO2 emanations evaluation for the home identified as the Standard Assessment Procedure ( SAP ) evaluation will be assigned a degree. The Code degree to achieve a one-star evaluation corresponds to a 10 % betterment over the Target Emission Rate in the 2006 Building Regulations. Two, three and four stars correspond to 18 % , 25 % and 44 % betterments, severally. A five star evaluation is a 100 % betterment, corresponds to zero emanations in relation to affairs covered by the Building Regulations, this being zero emanations from heating, hot H2O, airing and lighting. The highest degree is a six-star rated place, this is a wholly 0 C place significance there is zero net emanations of CO2 from all energy usage in the place. The SAP evaluation mark can be met in a assortment of ways such as, bettering the cloth of the edifice, bettering the efficiency of illuming and infinite warming, and by utilizing lower C fuels while the Code in add-on covers the energy/CO2 emanations of a little scope of white goods like deep-freezes, dish washers, etc. While flexibleness is allowed as to how these evaluations are achieved, in exercising a scope of intercessions will be necessary, as discussed farther below. The Code notes that a six-star place will necessitate to present zero C emanations over 12 months for all energy usage in the place, cookery, rinsing and place amusement systems, every bit good a s infinite warming, hot H2O, airing and lighting. The Code gives descriptive illustrations of houses run intoing the different degrees and for a six-star place this means that energy taken from the national electricity grid would hold to be replaced by low or zero-carbon generated electricity. ( DCLG, 2006 ) The clip graduated table proposed for implementing these betterments to the public presentation of new places was to be 2010 with the minimal demand being three stars, ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? has this happend in 2013 it will be four stars, and in 2016 it will be six stars. The UK authorities is hence draw a bead oning to present a wholly zero-carbon supply of new places by 2016. Some of the deductions of this are explored below, after a brief treatment of the premises implied by the proposals. Is 2016 excessively late? Will the quality of edifices be compromised? Will the wellness and safety be compromised? Ill use a Questionnaire to acquire my information Open or closed inquiries? ? ? ? ? ? Open give more item but clip devouring to make full in Closed less item but easier and easier to compare fixed replies Interview Provides the item that the questionnaires could n't give ( will stop up utilizing closed questionnaire ) ( closed merely agencies yes no replies and multiple pick ) Drumhead With the really being of the effects of clime alteration in difference ( some do n't even believe its existent ) its impossible to state. However better to be safe than sorry, merely positive can come out of it every bit long as does n't come at a cost of human life or edifice quality Use in datat findings: : : A First it can be instead dearly-won to do any type of brooding zero C particularly if it ‘s updating current places as this involves money for something that in householders eyes is n't necessary