Human Computer Interaction Essay

The Human Computer Interaction(HCI) is the field of investigation of shared correspondence between the client and the PC. This is the field of association is prepared by utilizing the UI which incorporates the product just as the equipment as well. All the product which are being made are empowered with UI plan and their execution. Today, Microsoft Windows XP, Microsoft Windows 98 and so on are the working frameworks which are empowered with graphical UI. This is likewise the human PC collaboration. The World Wide Web is likewise the case of human PC association. The field of the human PC collaboration is all around grew today with the coming of new advancements in programming and equipment both. With the advancement in this the field the new terms like menu, catches, symbols and so forth are presented which discuss the utilizations and points of interest of human PC connection. (Brad A. Myers March, 1998 pp. 44-54 ) With the advancement in utilization of mobiles the human PC interaction’s are likewise expanded. The new interface configuration like touch-screen planning of PCs and mobiles additionally has provided another guidance to HCI. The HCI in future has better open doors with the creating programming and equipment. 2) Methodologies and procedures for structuring interfaces: the HCI plan approachs are created from early strategies like rewarded users’ psychological procedures to the new ones like web planning. The techniques for planning the HCI consistently searches for association between the client, PC that is the machine and the architects. Client focused plan is additionally the technique where each perspective like necessities, structure and so on are remembered for which the consideration is being paid on intellectual elements. in this plan forms the clients use through the hyperlink with a rapid. These models as the name signifies depend on the models which depend on human desires. The model can be coordinated by programming and afterward can be actualized and afterward the inputs can be attempted for changes. (HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION p. 1) Paper prototyping is likewise a strategy for planning HCI by creating programming. It is utilized for analyzing and conspiring UI. In this strategy the drawings of the interfaces are made for plan. Its is a helpful strategy as the portraying is quicker than the programming. This technique can be valuable as the people who don't the programming can likewise do this. Website architecture is likewise a technique for planning UI like site pages, sites and so on. utilizing HTML, JAVA as the product toolboxs for advancement of site pages. The website architecture is utilized to made sites as graphical client interface(GUI). The website architecture additionally actualized to meet the prerequisite of the site engineer just as the end-client. The website architecture depends on dialects like JAVA, HTML for security purposes to kill the difficult like hacking and so forth. Psychological technique for HCI structuring is a prior strategy yet its exceptionally valuable. It depends on examination of two angles psychological trades with PCs like getting the hang of, perusing and other viewpoint is intellectual stuffing, creation and so on. In this procedure the client examination is done right off the bat like prerequisites, errands and so on. This investigation contains the highlights like memory, recognition, prerequisites and so on. The subsequent stage is planning and expository test. This contain the highlights like language and memory. The last stage is framework trying to test the validation of the framework. (Douglas J. Gillan and Nancy J. Cooke p. 1) 3) Methods for actualizing interfaces: There are numerous techniques for executing the interfaces like programming, research strategies, productive calculations and so forth. There are numerous product devices like windowing frameworks, toolboxs, interface developers and so forth. These product incorporates the product like JAVA, Macintosh Toolbox, Visual Basic and so on. These product are extremely useful as they have application in HCI planning just as in different fields too. The product writing computer programs is anything but difficult to deal with as any individual can pick up information on it. The techniques for executing interfaces utilizing the product is likewise gainful as the expense is diminished in planning and the changes can be made without any problem. The product utilized has the preferred position that if the new form of programming comes in light and the client need the interface dependent on this new form. At that point the interface can be customized in the new programming and interface can be adjusted. The libraries can likewise be utilized to build up the product. The libraries are utilized to store the information, execute the projects. At that point the projects are executed which are put away in these libraries. These libraries can be associated with share the overwhelming heap of information. With the progression of these libraries the information is currently put away in sorted out and can be partaken in any piece of the world. The calculations are additionally utilized for HCI planning as these calculations are made for efficient work process. For point by point portrayal of the difficult which must be understood must be concentrated cautiously. This methodology is created by productive utilization of the calculations. 4) Techniques for assessing and contrasting interfaces: There are numerous methods for assessing the interfaces structure and use. There are numerous standards for assessing like EC mandates. There are numerous issues which must be attempted for assessment of interfaces like controllability, information trustworthiness and so on. These elements are chiefly utilized for HCI interfaces assessment as these are fundamental elements for planning and examination of interfaces. The HCI interfaces which are being created must be easy to use. The methods which are being utilized today are EVIDAS II, MUSiC, KABA and so forth. These are the most recent methods which are utilized for contrasting the interfaces. These procedures are arranged further as client situated like MUSiC and item arranged like EVADIS II(Chris Stary*, Thomas Riesenecker-Caba, J and g Flecker, pp1-2). These methods embrace different fields like UI, association of work, programming highlights and so on. These procedures are intended to assess the different elements like propriety, the board of information, disappointment of interface chances and so forth. These strategies has built up the odds of progress in programming quality, easy to use quality, achievement rate, cost adequacy and so on. The significant assignment is straightforwardness of programming for future adjustment. These HCI interfaces are relevant to gather work, this factor is likewise tried by these strategies. 5) Developing new interfaces and connection strategies: The new interfaces which are being intended for the future must incorporates numerous highlights like administration and separating of information, input gadgets and sensors, learn capacity, client fulfillment and so on. The Augmented Reality(AR) plan is a most recent one. This structure is situated from the Virtual Reality(VR) plan. These structure are actualized to diminish the subjective overhead. ( Andreas D? nser, Raphael Grasset, Hartmut Seichter, Mark Billinghurst pp1-5) There are numerous standards which are being embraced like affordance, client fulfillment, low physical exertion, learn capacity, adaptability and so forth. There may be a changing from 2D to 3D representation. The HCI might be structured by contact screen application. The models which are being planned must relate as per the necessities, task, objectives of the client. The 2D screen work area might be given another look by 3D see. The HCI might be grown to such an extent that they may be associated with portable and when an email, message and so forth. come then the UI join straightforwardly interface with the processor and the correspondence framework and will illuminate the client legitimately. One method might be utilized by utilizing sensors. At the point when the client needs to turn on the PC or need to give any guidance. At that point the sensor which are utilized simply start their working and comply with the request for client. The HCI must react to the user’s guidance rapidly. The issue of moderate reaction must be killed so as to make new interface progressively proficient. The mistake must be killed or should be diminished to a zero level. The interface must have the following soundness. The client focused plan must be improved to AR structures. The client intercession must be considered. 6) Developing graphic and prescient models and hypotheses of collaboration: The models which are to be created must be founded on the many key elements like virtual and expanded reality, substantial UI, full of feeling figuring, detecting interface eye moved based interface , perceptual interface and so on. The models are utilized to structure and assess the interface strategy The graphical client interfaces(GUI) are utilized today predominantly. These interfaces will be demonstrated by the necessities of the client. The new models will utilized the fundamental characteristics of the WIMP interface just as they will deal with new inventive procedures like utilizing sensors, 3D condition. The HCI condition must be made with the end goal that the correspondence procedure must be solid. The figurative frameworks are identified with the elucidating models and the those which are identified with scientific frameworks, are towards the prescient models. The prescient models dissect the interface method with whenever utilization. The clear model are not quite the same as the prescient models however are utilized also like the prescient model. These models doesn't give the quantitative gauge however simply give a situation to consider the circumstance of the issue or to portray the issue. These models are utilized for console interfacing, mouse interfacing and so forth. ( I. Scott MacKenzie, pp. 27-54 ) The models which depend on these models are additionally changed by the new hypotheses introduced like the utilization of new strategies like advanced libraries. 7) Conclusion: The human PC communication is extremely gainful today just as scarcely any decades back when WIMP interfaces were being used. With the coming of new advances and speculations, the new HCI situations has been made and the improvement in the field of the HCI is going on like 2D

The Need to Prevent Supervisory Workplace Bullying

Much has been said about working environment harassing and its destructive impacts to the people in question. With a reason to free the territory from conversation, this paper will discuss a few territories of work environment tormenting especially the one which is showed between menace bosses and subordinate casualties. The paper will likewise introduce fundamentally basic parts of conversation, for example, the issue’s qualities, theories, causes, suggestions and prudent steps. The paper centers around the administrative working environment tormenting, which includes directors and administrators who utilize their capacity and position to threaten and in the end incur hurt on their subordinates. The paper at last intends to cause individuals to understand the need to forestall, if not end, administrative working environment harassing so as to dodge the unfortunate results that it gets. It refers to solid approaches to shielding the association from such danger. Acquaintance Brief Introduction with the Topic The work environment is one setting that gives individuals numerous encounters. All things considered, employees’ achievement or disappointments rely much upon the specific circumstances that the workplace condition offers. Given a persuading encompassing, representatives are relied upon to perform well and to convey the things expected of them. So also, laborers who are exposed to any type of business related disturbances, regardless of whether caused by their partners or bosses, are probably going to show wastefulness and disappointment at work. One specific sort of occupation related irritation which has essentially picked up concern is working environment harassing. The work environment is a region that is least expected to furnish representatives with destructive or harming sentiments and musings. This is on the grounds that it is in such condition where representatives can as far as anyone knows have the chance to carry out their responsibilities and show their possibilities thus the requirement for the working environment and its workers to be liberated from any indication of harassing. Harassing is, at present, alarmingly showed in different working environments. To exacerbate the situation, work environment tormenting isn't restricted among representatives themselves. Harassing has heightened to a level that has included no not as much as administrators and higher administration of organizations. Director or administrator menaces utilize their specialists or positions to dispense mischief to their subordinates. Motivation behind the Project The reason for this paper is to talk about, specifically, work environment harassing propagated by the quick bosses of representatives †or administrative working environment tormenting. In doing as such, this paper looks to introduce and examine the basic subtleties encompassing administrative working environment harassing as an issue: its tendency and qualities, what makes the bosses take part in it, its consequences for the deceived representatives, its general expense to the organization, and the things required for its anticipation. Issue Statement Supervisory work environment tormenting has ended up having a harming sway on the representatives and eventually on the whole association. It triggers outcomes that bring more mischief, when contrasted with the tormenting that workers can do among themselves. Obviously, effective components for identifying and forestalling administrative working environment harassing must be resolved and set up. Issue Background It is grievous to take note of that the working environment is the essential setting where representatives are scared or tormented in today’s current world. Harassing is not, at this point a typical occurring in recreational regions with youngsters as the included gatherings. The event of harassing †particularly administrative tormenting †in working environments has become a genuine worry that specialists both in people in general and private segments of society should address. Something else, its setbacks would keep on expanding step by step and its developing all out unfriendly impacts would stay unchecked. Extent of Problem Analysis In request to have a superior and more clear comprehension of administrative working environment tormenting, it is important to introduce its tendency and attributes. A definite record of the desperate outcomes of administrative work environment tormenting and its measured mischief would help underscore the criticalness of keeping it from consistently occurring. At that point to advocate measures against the commonness of administrative working environment harassing, explicit approaches to manage it are remembered for this paper. Depiction of the Proposed Project There should be ways for appropriately managing administrative working environment harassing. Taking care of the issues it offers ascend to will require sufficient data on it †its causes and starting point †and on how such issues emerge from it. Research Questions †¢ Which managers are probably going to menace their subordinates? †¢ Which subordinates are probably going to fall prey to the tormenting of their supervisors? †¢ Which associations are probably going to have tormenting chiefs? †¢ What should be possible to forestall administrative work environment harassing? Theories Hypotheses have been drawn for affirmation through research on printed reports and materials about working environment tormenting overall, and using review results as dependable information to put together ends with respect to. A lot of theories are centered around why administrative working environment harassing needs to occur. One expresses that bosses who are probably going to menace their subordinates are the individuals who are not outfitted with adequate expert aptitude or ability. In this manner, these chiefs attempt to cover or compensate for their inadequacy by harassing chosen subordinates †specifically, the individuals who are yet in trial status and simultaneously frightful of losing their positions. Another speculation expresses that associations with very much oiled and straightforward working frameworks don't give settings where administrative work environment harassing will flourish; these associations, truth be told, despise administrative work environment tormenting of any structure and degree. The third theory attests that dynamic contribution of the executives in the offer against administrative working environment tormenting and sufficient data dispersal about it as something that isn't endured inside associations would effectively ward it off. This would then frame some portion of consistence to the authorized laws that expect businesses to see to the wellbeing and security of every one of their workers. These inquiries and theories fill in as reason for doing a far reaching research regarding the matter. This task intends to stress the need to fix the harms of work environment tormenting and to set up that systems that will address the commonness of harassing in the work environment are not muddled or hard to achieve. This will support an enemy of menace culture to win in the work environments, which ought to in the long run crash harassing as a typical danger to the enthusiastic prosperity, the efficiency level and the general government assistance of associations. Results Origin of the Concept Workplace harassing marvel follows its root from the injury coming about because of proceeded with mental dread of representatives in the workplace. Heinz Leyman, the originator of a three-decade-old worldwide enemy of harassing affiliation, has refered to in her documentations that Namie (2003) utilized the term â€Å"mobbing† to depict such destructive act. The term â€Å"workplace bullying† was later utilized by Andrea Adams in the early piece of 1990s to allude to a similar type of terrorizing when the casualties happened to be representatives accomplishing their work in their individual working environments. From that point, the idea of working environment harassing was acquainted with the United States hierarchical setting by Namie in 1998 while a partner officially introduced to the criminal equity framework the legitimate issues exuding from it. Namie, 2003) Nature and Characteristics of Workplace Bullying Different sorts of dangers and terrorizing originating from administrators and directors can't be disregarded. They will undoubtedly cause pressure, uneasiness, inconvenience and frustration or even to dis pense torment on the exploited workers. The work environment, at that point, turns into an unfriendly spot. There is no uncertainty that the nearness of the tormenting supervisors doing their harassing strategies doesn't make a sound culture. When all is said in done, administrative working environment tormenting harms the association. Working environment tormenting is for the most part portrayed by the way that it is undesirable, purposeful, visit and serious unseemly practices which are sufficient to cause damage and injury related indication to employees’ physical, mental and passionate conditions (Namie, 2003). Consequently, tormenting in a work setting is an indication of either the administrator or coworkers’ threatening, annoying, disparaging and humiliating mentalities submitted against representative casualty. The working environment menace needs control over his collaborators; the administrative working environment menace needs command over his subordinates. Namie further said that work environment harassing is regularly brought about by issues relating to sexual orientation, race, monetary or budgetary status and places of representatives in an association (Namie, 2003). Work environment harassing can be cultivated in different manners. The Trades Union Congress, by characterizing the term, names the variables that can prompt it: Workplace harassing can be characterized as hostile, scary, malignant, annoying or embarrassing conduct, maltreatment of intensity or authority which endeavors to subvert an individual or gathering of representatives and which may make them endure pressure (TUC site). Tests of Bullying Acts of Supervisors The Workplace Bullying Institute has depicted that administrative work environment menaces for the most part perpetrate verbal or spoken maltreatment against subordinate representatives, make work interruptions, for example, damage that hampers workers’ undertakings from being finished and show offending practices with a reason to compromise, embarrass and scare the people in question (Workplace Bullying Institute, 2008). In particular, boss and supervisor menaces can show a few threatening behaviors which shift from physical or spoken offenses and from inconspicuous and outright habits. A portion of the obvious working environment scares done by sup

The Union Jack Flag - Flag of the United Kingdom

The Union Jack Flag - Flag of the United Kingdom The Union Jack, or Union Flag, is the banner of the United Kingdom. The Union Jack has been in presence since 1606, when England and Scotland consolidated, however changed to its present structure in 1801 when Ireland joined the United Kingdom Why the Three Crosses? In 1606, when England and Scotland were both controlled by one ruler (James I), the main Union Jack banner was made by combining the English banner (the red cross of Saint George on a white foundation) with the Scottish banner (the corner to corner white cross of Saint Andrew on a blue foundation). At that point, in 1801, the option of Ireland to the United Kingdom included the Irish banner (the red Saint Patricks cross) to the Union Jack. The crosses on the banners identify with the supporter holy people of every substance - St. George is the supporter holy person of England, St. Andrew is the benefactor holy person of Scotland, and St. Patrick is the benefactor holy person of Ireland. Why Is It Called the Union Jack? While nobody is very sure where the term Union Jack started, there are numerous hypotheses. Association is thought to originate from the association of the three banners into one.â As for Jack, one clarification expresses that for a long time a jack alluded to a little banner flown from a pontoon or transport and maybe the Union Jack was utilized there first.â Others accept that Jack could emerge out of the name of James I or from a troopers jack-et. There are a lot of hypotheses, at the same time, in truth, the appropriate response is that nobody knows without a doubt where Jack originated from. Additionally Called the Union Flag The Union Jack, which is most appropriately called the Union Flag, is the official banner of the United Kingdom and has been in its present structure since 1801. The Union Jack on Other Flags The Union Jack is likewise consolidated into the banners of four autonomous nations of the British Commonwealth - Australia, Fiji, Tuvalu, and New Zealand.

A Simple Trick for Ielts Essay Samples General Module Explained

A Simple Trick for Ielts Essay Samples General Module Explained So you've got to compose an essay for whichever one that you pick, but the other part is different based on which module you're taking. You simply have to fully tackle all sections of the job. In Task One there's normally a visual representation of some sort. Not including one or more of these things will reduce your score. The cost of an essay depends upon the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. Thus don't get intimidated if you believe you cannot write such essays. It wasn't easy for all of us to begin with writing essays. A well-structured essay has a fantastic introduction, body paragraphs that are simple to follow and connect with each other, and a great conclusion. By the conclusion of this course you will receive an outstanding comprehension of just what you will need to do in order to SCORE HIGH in the writing section and you will be able to create both a letter and an essay under 60 minutes with confidence! Read the question carefully to understand what you need to do. However, you do have to open your letter with something which will be suitable for the reader and will capture the reader's interest. In simple words means your letter has to be extraordinary and has to answer every area of the topic question exceptionally well and demonstrates shrewd writing skills. In response to the above question, zero Ielts sample essay indicates all there is to learn about writing for the ielts. Citations and extracts from several sources have to be formatted properly. Examine the model essay and read the comments. Take a look at our essay correction support. The number of grammatical constructions used seems quite excellent. There are several types of structures that could get you a high score. In some cases, you're requested to describe an approach. This practice isn't only prohibited in schools and universities but in addition stunts a student's intellectual improvement. It's an exam meant for non-native English speakers. Usually you must take the IELTS test if you're applying for employment or to study in a college or university in an English-speaking country or if you're migrating to such nation. For more information, visit the totally free general training writing tutorials. Click the RED BAR at the very top of this site to access the key pages for IELTS preparation. You will be supplied a task card which asks you to talk about a specific topic and includes points you can cover in your talk. Therefore, it's important to remember which one you're writing, so it is possible to concentrate on showing that you've mastered the skills that are being tested. You should also demonstrate your skills in summarising the key points. Talk about the benefits of both methods and provide your own opinion. The previous letter is to a friend and has to be informal. The instructions will let you know what to write about, and list several things you must have in your letter. Notice what you have to write. For instance, if you are requested to justify an opinion you aren't supposed to challenge it. Secondly, you can check the number of words very fast. The sentences that you put in each individual paragraph will be dependent on which type of question you become. You might have to compose an answer to the question giving reasons and examples to back up your answer. It's often argued this is a good development, whilst others disagree and think that it will cause adverse ramifications. The candidate has also employed the suitable formal tone. College education functions as the secret to a thriving future to individuals that are despite the simple fact that college education may be costly, its benefits are. Certainly, money is a significant role in our lives. Hence, it's said, marry for money is right in some degree. To a lot of people, it's appropriate to marry for money instead of love. So, for many, it may appear appropriate to marry for money instead of love.

Modernization Of The Middle East - 1965 Words

At the start of the 18th century, Middle Eastern countries witnessed their Eastern neighbors being overtaken by Western Europe and were faced with a choice: to pick apart or to be picked apart. It was from this dilemma that defensive developmentalism emerged in the Middle East. Empires such as the Ottomans, Persia, Tunisia, and Egypt began the process of centralizing their authority in order to assert effective control over their populations. The chief goal of defensive developmentalism for these empires was to assert their autonomy, whether that be autonomy from the Ottomans in the case of Egypt and Tunisia, or from outside imperialists in the Ottoman Empire and Persia. In order to accomplish these goals, defensive developmentalists undertook extensive reforms to establish their empires as relevant worldwide powers. Defensive developmentalists adopted extensive reforms in order to accomplish their goal of asserting their autonomy over outside forces. As the chief worry for these empires was outside penetration, military restructuring became an essential aspect to their reform. A centralized, organized military gave empires the ability to do the picking apart, or at the very least prevent from being picked apart. These modern armies were built on the basis of population, which introduced the policy of conscription to the Middle East. Coupled with military restructuring was bureaucratic reform, or a shift from mediated to unmediated states. By centralizing their authority,Show MoreRelatedStony Brook 386774 Words   |  4 Pages2) What was the role of tribes in the rise and fall of dynasties in the Middle East according to Ibn Khaldun?- According to Ibn Khaldun the rise and fall of the dynasties in the middle east can be directly correlated to the different social structures that tribes would em brace. Which will lead to a better military structure. 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The Group Islamic State Of Iraq And Levant - 927 Words

The group Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) is a jihadist group predominantly active in the Middle Eastern countries of Iraq and Syria. In addition, the (ISIL) group is also attempting to gain authority over other countries in the neighboring region of Turkey, Jordan, Israel, and Iran. The Islamic State of Iraq and Levant’s expansion is fueled by political aspirations legitimized through fundamentalist Sunni views of religion. They claim that they are a religious movement that will establish once and for all, a universalist Islamic identity under the supreme leader, Al-Baghdadi who has self-proclaimed the title of Caliph, the rightful political and religious ruler of the universal Ummah. These actions have unleashed a wave of new violence against minority, ethnic, and religious groups as well as the beheading of several Western journalists and citizens. Their methods of coercion and violence are aimed at the fragmented political and religious groups trying to make sense of a regional sectarian conflict that has claimed millions of lives and displaced millions more into refugee sanctuaries. Furthermore, their movement is a response to Western political ideologies that have imposed political, social, and cultural norms that are inconsistent with Islamic religious views. First, through the Colonialist experience, and later through post-colonial, Cold War, post- Cold War and post 9/11 events. In my opinion, the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant is trying to accomplishShow MoreRelatedIslamic State Of Iraq And The Levant Red Cell Analysis1685 Words   |  7 PagesIslamic State of Iraq and the Levant Red Cell Analysis The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant has single handedly furthered the evolution of terrorism. This is a new type of terrorism that is not easily defined or visible. 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The Sicarii were a first century Jewish group who murdered enemies and collaborators in their campaign to oust their RomanRead MoreThe Islamic State Of Iraq And The Levant1894 Words   |  8 Pagesoldest and strongest emotion of mankind is fear, and the oldest and strongest kind of fear is fear of the unknown.† Choosing the topic of ISIS/ISIL, which are the Islamic State of Iraq Syria / the Islamic State of Iraq the Levant, was an easy choice because in truth, I know very little about the terrorist groups within these Islamic States. I, along with seventy percent of Americans, fear the rise of the IS and would consider them the number one threat to American interests (Telhami). Through furtherRead MoreIt Is Extremely Difficult To Define What Terrorism Is,1204 Words   |  5 Pagesterrorist groups are often able to coerce their desired result because they leave the people and the authorities of the regions they attacked in fear. In the years after September 11th 2001 the United States waged a war on Iraq that was described as Operation Iraqi Freedom which was meant to rid Iraq of all weapons of mass destruction and help it rebuild its army. This war ended up not helping Iraq in the ways that the United States had hoped, instead, the United States’ involvement in Iraq and nowRead MoreThe Islamic State Of Iraq And Syria1211 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction ISIS is a terrorist group threat that has grown within the subject of the War on Terror taking place within the nation of Iraq and surrounding areas. ISIS is the acronym for the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. It is also sometimes know as ISIL, because sometimes, â€Å"Syria†, is replaced with the term, the Levant. At a certain level, one gets the impression that ISIS just emerged from nowhere. Body The organization was not a presence in Iraq when the United States was actually engaged in full-scaleRead MoreThe Islamic State Of Iraq And The Levant1439 Words   |  6 PagesISIS is known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and was formed in 1999 by member Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. ISIS was originally from al-Qaeda, another terrorist group, but this group mainly was a small insurgent group in Iraq in 2006 and would help assist in the Syrian Civil War in 2013. They took Iraq in October 2006, then Levant in April 8, 2013; however, they would then be separated from al-Qaeda because of the war between ISIS and Jabhat al Nusra. In 2015, ISIS would then be considered asRead MoreThe Islamic State Is No More A Collection Of Psychopaths1716 Words   |  7 PagesISIS stands for Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. The Obama administration prefers the term ISIL which means the Islamic State in Levant. The term Levant literally means the rising; in reference to the land where the sun rises. However, many western news have decided to switch and call the group by the name Islamic State. ISIS finds its roots after the invasion in 2003 of Iraq by the United States. â€Å"ISIS is a Sunni jihadist group born in 2004 in Iraq. Known at the time as a cell of al-Qaeda - Al Qaeda

Creating Work Plan for Construction Project

Question: Discuss about theCreating Work Plan for Construction Project. Answer: Introduction: Purpose: The project is inclined towards the goal of setting up a resort and spa by the Salamander International Group. The key for achieving the purpose is vested in the expansion of the organization in the domain of hospitality (Arar et al., 2015). Timeline: The project has to be completed within a time span of four years. The timeline for the project has been categorized into distinct phases of planning, construction, interior and exterior designing and finishing. Highlights: The project is pertaining to establishment of Salamander resorts and spa as an extension of the share of Salamander International Group in the domain of hospitality. The resort is intended to provide the apt vacation destination to individuals all around the world with an artistic and extravagant perspective to holidays. The design of interiors and aesthetics in the resort would be conceived in accordance to global standards so that a multifaceted customer base can be satisfied (Fabricant, Miller Stark, 2013). The project plan is intended to convey the primary responsibilities assigned to each department, the illustration of the construction projects milestones and the resources required for completing the project (Healy, 2014). The major constraints observed in the project are primarily indicative of the time and financial resources which can be utilized to frame certain changes in the project plan. Objectives: The construction project is characterized by the presence of three major milestones. Apart from the planning phase, the key objectives of the project are realized in the foundation, structural and finishing phases. These three phases can be considered as individual milestones for the project. The foundation of the resort is estimated to be 36 inches below slab on grade and it would consist of concrete spread footings (Nielsen et al., 2013). The next milestone is achieved in the structural building of the resort i.e. steel framing and concrete framing for distinct sectors of the resort. Finally the finishing is the last milestone which is primarily concerned with integration of additional features such as furniture and custom designed fixtures which can demand considerable amount of time (Johnson, 2015). Project Phase Major Tasks Timeline Responsibilities Requirement of resources The key concerns addressed for catering the goals of the project include references to resource planning, estimation of project requirements, additional costs. The milestones of the project are realized beyond the scope of planning. Therefore the planning acquires the first place as a milestone for the project. This stage involves collection of information from stakeholders including investors and partners of Salamander International Group. The prime activities which need to be executed in relation to each project milestone can be illustrated through identification of gaps in present operations. The floating period available to each department owing to the lack of resources or any other influencing conditions has to be supervised by the senior management personnel. The project must be inclined towards developing a financial estimate which can provide a lucid interpretation of the feasibility of the project. Stakeholder survey is a productive resource to acquire information about the prospects of benefits for each individual involved in the project including the contractor, the construction agency, the planning department and the Salamander International Group. The project can also assume resources from the internet for the project which can assist in expediting the process. The individual milestones identified for the project are foundation, structural construction and finishing. Therefore the construction agency has to divide the milestones into specific timeframes which would enable the easy monitoring of project milestones. The foundation part of the project is estimated at one year owing to the magnitude of the resort and the availability of excavation holes which were of the appropriate footing size. The structural construction of the resort was also estimated at one year which was characterized by the distinct framework design for basement and the first floor. The use of concrete and steel framings distinctly would serve as an appealing addition to the resort. Finally, the finishing is estimated at two years which involves integration of new changes in the exterior and interior designs of the resort. The responsibilities are characterized in a hierarchical order and illustrate the roles of different elements of concerned agency in the project. The general contractor of the agency Astro constructions holds the authority in the construction project after the planning phase. The planning phase involves civil engineers, architects and structural engineers. The general contractor supervises other contractors such as Electrical contractor, concrete contractor and HVAC contractor. The resources required for the project include financial resources, time resources and human resources. The estimated budget for the project which was presented by the parent organization is $40 million and the human resources are required in the form of different contractors and supervisors of individual groups of construction workers. References Arar, M., Behm, M., Boni, O., Gal, R., Goldin, A., Ilyaev, M., Kermany, E., Reysa, J., Saleh, B., Schubert, K.D. and Shurek, G., 2015, November. The Verification CockpitCreating the Dream Playground for Data Analytics over the Verification Process. InHaifa Verification Conference(pp. 51-66). Springer International Publishing. Cease-Cook, J., Fowler, C. and Test, D.W., 2015. Strategies for creating work-based learning experiences in schools for secondary students with disabilities.Teaching Exceptional Children,47(6), p.352. Fabricant, F., Miller, J. and Stark, D., 2013.Creating Career Success: A Flexible Plan for the World of Work. Cengage Learning. Healy, K., 2014.Social work theories in context: Creating frameworks for practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Johnson, J., 2015. Creating Digital Cultural Heritage Collections in an Urban Academic Library Setting. Nielsen, K., Stage, M., Abildgaard, J.S. and Brauer, C.V., 2013. Participatory intervention from an organizational perspective: employees as active agents in creating a healthy work environment. InSalutogenic organizations and change(pp. 327-350). Springer Netherlands.

Minimum Wage Law

The road to war essays

The road to war essays On March 19, 2003, United States and British forces began military operations in Iraq. While addressing the nation about the purpose of the war on the day the bombing began, President George W. Bush said, The people of the United States and our friends and allies will not live at the mercy of an outlaw regime that threatens the peace with weapons of mass murder. In order to grasp a better perception of the situation in Iraq, it is necessary to understand and examine some of the key figures and events leading to our current occupation of Iraq. Saddam Hussein, former President of Iraq, had the notorious distinction of being the worlds best known and most hated Arab leader, who was willing to sacrifice his own country rather than relinquish power in Baghdad. His invasion of Kuwait triggered a United States response resulting in Operation Desert Storm in the early 1990s. The September 11th attacks on US soil led the United States into the war on terrorism, which later brought attent ion to the violation of UN regulation in Iraq. Through out this paper I hope to reflect how Saddam Hussein, Desert Storm, and the terrorist attacks on 9-11 all led us to our current conflict with Iraq. Saddam Hussein, the man who became known as the enemy of the Western world, was born on April 28, 1937, in a village just outside Tikrit, Iraq. Although his parents were poor farmers, Hussein was inspired by his uncle Khayrallah Tuffah, an Iraqi army officer, to pursue a career in politics. In 1956, at the age of 19, he joined the Arab Baath Socialist Party (A.B.S.P.) and attempted to assassinate Iraqi Prime Minister Abudul Karim Qassim three years later in 1959. During this failed attempt, Hussein was shot in the leg and was forced to flee the country for several years in order to avoid a death sentence. Hussein first escaped to Syria then to Egypt, where he completed his secondary schooling in 1962. He was admitted into the...

The Evolution of IBM Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Evolution of IBM - Case Study Example The competencies thus shifted away from technical quality and towards knowledge, experience and personnel expertise (Carlson). The emphases was on focus, speed, customers, teamwork and execution. The company was centralized, global core processes were standardized, metrics were redesigned, and the focus was on the marketplace and the customer (Carlson). How would you describe Louis Gerstner’s implementation style of IBM’s competitive strategy in the early 1990s? The implementation style of IBM’s corporate strategy was focused upon streamlining the operation and cutting costs. IBM cut its workforce to a low of 220,000 employees in 1994, and used other cost reductions for the company. This was half of the competitive strategy. The other half was that Gerstner recognized that the company should continue to provide integrated solutions. The previous idea was that IBM would divide into separate companies that emphasized separate competencies. The idea was that IBM could bundle and customize solutions for customers, packaging hardware, software and services together in a customized bundle (Carlson). Because IBM was centered around an idea, as opposed to a certain technology, it was able to adapt to changing business climates that occur when new technologies arise, and the magazine The Economist states that companies who are rooted in a philosophy, not a product, are the companies who will be around in 100 years (â€Å"The Test of Time,â⠂¬  2011). ... Because IBM was centered around an idea, as opposed to a certain technology, it was able to adapt to changing business climates that occur when new technologies arise, and the magazine The Economist states that companies who are rooted in a philosophy, not a product, are the companies who will be around in 100 years (â€Å"The Test of Time,† 2011). The company also dropped low margin industries, such as personal printers and hard drives. Its focus was on high profit margin businesses, with a focus on becoming a technology integrator. It also acquired the management consulting and technology services arm of Pricewaterhouse Cooper, which was a boon for its services division (Carlson). What are the implications of the globally integrated enterprise model for marketing managers in the Australia and New Zealand subsidiary of IBM? The implications are that, even though the New Zealand and Australian marketing managers are working for a subsidiary of IBM, they will have to adhere to the corporate ethos of IBM. Moreover, they will be controlled by the centralized unit of IBM, and the products and services that they will be producing will be products and services which are approved by centralized management at IBM. The values, processes and shared services will be those of IBM. It appears that IBM has abandoned the strategy of having parents and children in the corporate sense, and more that each of the offices around the world are a part of IBM, and not independent. Discuss the elements of the marketing strategy that makes IBM successful in today’s global marketplace. One of the important elements of the marketing strategy is that IBM integrates production and value delivery worldwide, while depending upon state borders less

ERP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ERP - Essay Example Everything that one can manage in an organization will be a business function; however, everything that one can perform will be a business process. Moreover, a business function can comprise different business processes; however, a business process will never consist of business functions, and will only comprise more business processes. Furthermore, a business process will always have an input component, as well as an output section that make it a process. In the past, conventional organizations were focusing on functional departments for the management; however, studies indicated that a number of business processes usually cut across functional lines internally that resulted in a paradigm shift, essential for efficient managers, and thus, managers are now putting efforts to manage their teams while focusing on business processes, rather than business functions. One of the crucial reasons of split by business process is involvement of various departments and individuals in a single process that results in cutting across of functional lines. It is an observation that this horizontal focus on business processes has enabled efficient managers to improve their processes while ensuring customer value in the organization, a significant benefit of this paradigm shift. Think of the last time you bought a pair of shoes. How does this process of buying those shoes cut across the store’s various functional lines? What information from your receipt would need to be available to the business functions? Which business functions would need that information? A significant objective of ERP is alignment of business projects/processes with strategic aims of the organization. In other words, major aim of implementing ERP is the enhancement and improvement of key metrics that requires proper flow of information from one functional department to another, and this is

Media Coursework & The Simpson Essay Example for Free

Media Coursework The Simpson Essay Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical sitcom. Refer to a specific episode that you have watched to support your evaluation. The Simpsons confirm to some stereotypical sitcom genre stereotypes, but ultimately subvert them by proving to dysfunctional. A sitcom is a 30 minutes programme, which contains humour and different types of comedy. In this essay, I will evaluate the extant to which the episodes The Simpsons roasting on an open fire Sitcoms of the past showed the ideal family; always nuclear a mum, dad and kids. The dad was respected and it had a bread winner mum-housewife cooks and cleans with two kids, the son is mostly the clever one and the daughter follows in the footsteps on her mother. E. g. leave it to beaver and the Cosby show. Sitcoms are popular because they relate to real people, take the Simpsons as an example, Homer can relate to people that an unorganised an lazy people; Marge is a representation, responsible, hardworking housewife; in Lisa we can relate to nerdy person and through Bart can relate to people that are not very clever and like skate boarding and rock music. The Simpsons opening scene starts with the title effect which Christmas snow effect with jungle bells and at the start of the scene there are late to a special Christmas concert where they arrive there children will be singing and when they arrive we know that the parents are tired and Homer drives fast and hits the car at this opening scene is called The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire which we know that there will be trouble. It follows the traditional structure of sitcoms. It has an orientation when the family prepare for Christmas and it is going to be expensive which is the beginning of the story; a complication produces problems, which makes the audience laughs when Homer doesnt Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical Sitcom The Simpsons are an animated U. S Sitcom family and up to a point are a typical realistic family of five. They have their good and bad times. In this essay, I will be evaluating to what extent The Simpsons follow the conventions of a stereotypical Sitcom. To support this, I am going to be referring in detail to an episode of The Simpsons called The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire. A Sitcom is a 30 min comedy T. V show about a family; in a sitcom the main character is usually the father. I will analyse how sitcoms have changed over time, Sitcoms use to only air upper/middle class familys which were white familys only, but as time went past ant the racism cooled down, they started to air black familys as well, in my opinion The Simpsons are made bright yellow is to make a joke out of sitcoms because sitcoms use to be aired as white people only in the past. The opening sequence in the episode starts with the title The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire with some jingle bells and Christmas effects. Then it jumps into Homer Marge driving to their childrens concert in dangerous situations. Marges voice makes her sound really tired, but homers voice just makes him sound silly, not the typical father you would find in other Sitcoms. Marge actually believes that Barts ironic humour is right; it shows that they must care for Bart more in my opinion. From analysing The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire I have seen that the orientation is getting ready for Christmas expenses. Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical sitcom. Refer to a specific episode that you have watched to support your evaluation. A sitcom is another word for situation comedy for example, Leave It to Beaver which was the first US sitcom in the 1950s. A sitcom is usually about a family consisting of dad, mum and two children. This is called a nuclear family. The situation or setting that the story takes place in is their home. Sitcoms are shown on TV and usually lasts for half an hour. It is a comedy and you can usually hear a live studio audience in the background. In the past, sitcoms always showed happy conventional white families who were always perfect. Dad was always the breadwinner and had a highly respectable job and the mother was always very attractive and happy to stay looking after the home and children. In Leave it to Beaver the son was a high achiever like the father and the daughter wanted to be a homemaker like mum. Sitcoms have changed over time because today mothers may now have careers and dads have to have respect for their wives just as they have respect for themselves. These days family problems are not hidden and people want to see realistic life-like situations in sitcoms. However although sitcoms started to show other families like a black family in The Cosby Show, they were still upper middle class. The Simpsons was the first sitcom to really show problems faced by working class families. Sitcoms are popular because all ages can watch it for fun and enjoyment; charaters of all ages provide someone for everyone to identify with. The Simpsons are even more popular because as an animation they can also have other celebrity characters such a Barry White and Michael Jacson. The Simpsons episode Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire had an opening sequence where the title came up through snowflakes and jingly music. We hear Marge speaking to Homer saying Oh slow down Homer! which shows she is worried. Homers response, We dont have time to slow down were late makes us think that he is stubborn, wanting things his way and that he doesnt think too much about the safety of his wife and baby. This opening sequence immediately lets us see that this family is not perfect but realistic. We can see from this episode that The Simpsons does follow the traditional narrative structure. The audience gets orientation from not only the opening sequence but also the next couple of scenes where they were at the school Christmas performance, putting up Christmas lights and the children asking for expensive difficult presents. Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical Sitcom The Simpsons are an animated U. S Sitcom family and up to a point are a typical realistic family of five. They have their good and bad times. In this essay, I will be evaluating to what extent The Simpsons follow the conventions of a stereotypical Sitcom. To support this, I am going to be referring in detail to an episode of The Simpsons called The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire. A Sitcom is a 30 min comedy T. V show about a family; in a sitcom the main character is usually the father. I will analyse how sitcoms have changed over time, Sitcoms use to only air upper/middle class familys which were white familys only, but as time went past ant the racism cooled down, they started to air black familys as well, in my opinion The Simpsons are made bright yellow is to make a joke out of sitcoms because sitcoms use to be aired as white people only in the past. The opening sequence in the episode starts with the title The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire with some jingle bells and Christmas effects. Then it jumps into Homer Marge driving to their childrens concert in dangerous situations. Marges voice makes her sound really tired, but homers voice just makes him sound silly, not the typical father you would find in other Sitcoms. Marge actually believes that Barts ironic humour is right; it shows that they must care for Bart more in my opinion. From analysing The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire I have seen that the orientation is getting ready for Christmas expenses. Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical Sitcom The Simpsons are an animated U. S Sitcom family and up to a point are a typical realistic family of five. They have their good and bad times. In this essay, I will be evaluating to what extent The Simpsons follow the conventions of a stereotypical Sitcom. To support this, I am going to be referring in detail to an episode of The Simpsons called The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire. A Sitcom is a 30 min comedy T. V show about a family; in a sitcom the main character is usually the father. I will analyse how sitcoms have changed over time, Sitcoms use to only air upper/middle class familys which were white familys only, but as time went past ant the racism cooled down, they started to air black familys as well, in my opinion The Simpsons are made bright yellow is to make a joke out of sitcoms because sitcoms use to be aired as white people only in the past. The opening sequence in the episode starts with the title The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire with some jingle bells and Christmas effects. Then it jumps into Homer Marge driving to their childrens concert in dangerous situations. Marges voice makes her sound really tired, but homers voice just makes him sound silly, not the typical father you would find in other Sitcoms. Marge actually believes that Barts ironic humour is right; it shows that they must care for Bart more in my opinion. From analysing The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire I have seen that the orientation is getting ready for Christmas expenses. Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical Sitcom The Simpsons are an animated U. S Sitcom family and up to a point are a typical realistic family of five. They have their good and bad times. In this essay, I will be evaluating to what extent The Simpsons follow the conventions of a stereotypical Sitcom. To support this, I am going to be referring in detail to an episode of The Simpsons called The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire. A Sitcom is a 30 min comedy T. V show about a family; in a sitcom the main character is usually the father. I will analyse how sitcoms have changed over time, Sitcoms use to only air upper/middle class familys which were white familys only, but as time went past ant the racism cooled down, they started to air black familys as well, in my opinion The Simpsons are made bright yellow is to make a joke out of sitcoms because sitcoms use to be aired as white people only in the past. The opening sequence in the episode starts with the title The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire with some jingle bells and Christmas effects. Then it jumps into Homer Marge driving to their childrens concert in dangerous situations. Marges voice makes her sound really tired, but homers voice just makes him sound silly, not the typical father you would find in other Sitcoms. Marge actually believes that Barts ironic humour is right; it shows that they must care for Bart more in my opinion. From analysing The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire I have seen that the orientation is getting ready for Christmas expenses.

George Frideric Handel, the Famous Composer Essay -- Biography Biograp

George Frideric Handel, the Famous Composer George Frideric Handel was born in Halle, Germany, on February 23, 1685. He died in London on April 14,1759 and was buried in Westminister Abbey. Handel was one of the famous composers of the Baroque Period. This great composer was mostly known very well for his English Oratorio, particularly the Messiah. His trouble in his operas that he made lied within his uncertain temper and uncertain lack of tact. Handel first learned how to play from an instrument called a clavichord. This was like a forerunner of the piano. With the help of one of Handel's friend, they smuggled the instrument up to his attic in his house. Every night he would sneak up to the attic after everyone was asleep and he'd play it until he finally mastered it. The instrument could not be heard through the closed doors. When he was about twelve, he went to Berlin to study and while there he became well-known for playing the Harpsichord. Handel's parents wanted Handel to grow up in the profession of law, but music was in Handel's blood. When Han...

Reading skill Essay

Highlighting or Underlining Key Ideas When you highlight or underline key words and ideas, you are identifying the most important parts of the text. There’s an important skill at work here: You can’t highlight or underline everything, so you have to distinguish between the facts and ideas that are most important (major ideas) and those facts and ideas that are helpful but not so important (minor or supporting ideas). Highlight only the major ideas, so you don’t end up with a text that’s completely highlighted. An effectively highlighted text will make for an easy and fruitful review. When you jump back, you’ll be quickly reminded of the ideas that are most important to remember. Highlighting or underlining major points as you read also allows you to retain more information from the text. Skim ahead and jump back. Mark up the text. Make speci? c observations about the text. Skimming Ahead and Jumping Back Skimming ahead enables you to see what’s coming up in your reading. Page through the text you’re about to read. Notice how the text is broken down, what the main topics are, and the order in which they are covered. Notice key words and ideas that are boldfaced, bulleted, boxed, or otherwise highlighted. Skimming through the text beforehand will prepare you for what you are about to read. It’s a lot like checking out the hills and curves in the course before a cross-country race. If you know what’s ahead, you know how to pace yourself, so you’re prepared to handle what’s to come. When you ? nish your reading, jump back. Review the summaries, headings, and highlighted information in the text. Notice both what the author highlighted and what you highlighted. By jumping back, you help solidify in your mind the ideas and information you just read. You’re reminded of how each idea ? ts into the whole, how ideas and information are connected. When you make connections between ideas, you’re much more likely to remember them. Circling Unfamiliar Words One of the most important habits to develop is that of circling and looking up unfamiliar words and phrases. If possible, don’t sit down to read without a dictionary by your side. It is not uncommon for the meaning of an entire sentence to hinge on the meaning of a single word or phrase, and if you don’t know what that word or phrase means, you won’t understand the sentence. Besides, this habit enables you to quickly and steadily expand your vocabulary, so you’ll be a more con? dent reader and speaker. If you don’t have a dictionary readily available, try to determine the meaning of the word as best you can from its context—that is, the words and ideas around it. (There’s more on this topic in Lesson 3. ) Then, make sure you look up the word as soon as possible so you’re sure of its meaning. Marking Up the Text Marking up the text creates a direct physical link between you and the words you’re reading. It forces you to pay closer attention to the words you read and takes you to a higher level of comprehension. Use these three strategies to mark up text: x – HOW TO USE THIS BOOK – Making Marginal Notes Recording your questions and reactions in the margins turns you from a passive receiver of information into an active participant in a dialogue. (If you’re reading a library book, write your reactions in a notebook. ) You will get much more out of the ideas and information you read about if you create a â€Å"conversation† with the writer. Here are some examples of the kinds of reactions you might write down in the margin or in your notebook:  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ Making Observations Good readers know that writers use many different strategies to express their ideas. Even if you know very little about those strategies, you can make useful observations about what you read to better understand and remember the author’s ideas. You can notice, for example, the author’s choice of words; the structure of the sentences and paragraphs; any repetition of words or ideas; important details about people, places, and things; and so on. This step—making observations—is essential because your observations (what you notice) lead you to logical inferences about what you read. Inferences are conclusions based on reason, fact, or evidence. You are constantly making inferences based on your observations, even when you’re not reading. For example, if you notice that the sky is full of dark, heavy clouds, you might infer that it is going to rain; if you notice that your coworker has a stack of gardening books on her desk, you might infer that she likes gardening. If you misunderstand what you read, it is often because you haven’t looked closely enough at the text. As a result, you base your inferences on your own ideas and experiences, not on what’s actually written in the text. You end up forcing your own ideas on the author (rather than listening to what the author has to say) and then forming your own ideas about it. It’s critical, then, that you begin to really pay attention to what writers say and how they say it. If any of this sounds confusing now, don’t worry. Each of these ideas will be thoroughly explained in the lessons that follow. In the meantime, start practicing active reading as best you can. Begin by taking the pretest. Questions often come up when you read. They may be answered later in the text, but by that time, you may have forgotten the question! And if your question isn’t answered, you may want to discuss it with someone: â€Å"Why does the writer describe the new welfare policy as ‘unfair’? † or â€Å"Why does the character react in this way? † Agreements and disagreements with the author are bound to arise if you’re actively reading. Write them down: â€Å"That’s not necessarily true! † or â€Å"This policy makes a lot of sense to me. † Connections you note can be either between the text and something that you read earlier or between the text and your own experience. For example, â€Å"I remember feeling the same way when I . . . † or â€Å"This is similar to what happened in China. † Evaluations are your way of keeping the author honest. If you think the author isn’t providing suf? cient support for what he or she is saying or that there’s something wrong with that support, say so: â€Å"He says the dropping of the bomb was inevitable, but he doesn’t explain why† or â€Å"This is a very sel? sh reason. † xi READING COMPREHENSION SUCCESS IN 20 MINUTES A DAY Pretest B efore you start your study of reading skills, you may want to get an idea of how much you already know and how much you need to learn. If that’s the case, take the pretest that follows. The pretest consists of 50 multiple-choice questions covering all the lessons in this book. Naturally, 50 questions can’t cover every single concept or strategy you will learn by working through this book. So even if you get all the questions on the pretest right, it’s almost guaranteed that you will ? nd a few ideas or reading tactics in this book that you didn’t already know. On the other hand, if you get many questions wrong on this pretest, don’t despair. This book will show you how to read more effectively, step by step. You should use this pretest to get a general idea of how much you already know. If you get a high score, you may be able to spend less time with this book than you originally planned. If you get a low score, you may ? nd that you will need more than 20 minutes a day to get through each chapter and improve your reading skills. There’s an answer sheet you can use for ? lling in the correct answers on page 3. Or, if you prefer, simply circle the answer numbers in this book. If the book doesn’t belong to you, write the numbers 1–50 on a piece of paper and record your answers there. Take as much time as you need to do this short test. When you ? nish, check your answers against the answer key at the end of this lesson. Each answer offers the lesson(s) in this book that teaches you about the reading strategy in that question. 1 – LEARNINGEXPRESS ANSWER SHEET – 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b 3 c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d – PRETEST – Pretest The pretest consists of a series of reading passages with questions that follow to test your comprehension. Cultural Center Adds Classes for Young Adults The Allendale Cultural Center has expanded its arts program to include classes for young adults. Director Leah Martin announced Monday that beginning in September, three new classes will be offered to the Allendale community. The course titles will be Yoga for Teenagers; Hip Hop Dance: Learning the Latest Moves; and Creative Journaling for Teens: Discovering the Writer Within. The latter course will not be held at the Allendale Cultural Center but instead will meet at the Allendale Public Library. Staff member Tricia Cousins will teach the yoga and hip hop classes. Ms. Cousins is an accomplished choreographer as well as an experienced dance educator. She has an MA in dance education from Teachers College, Columbia University, where she wrote a thesis on the pedagogical effectiveness of dance education. The journaling class will be taught by Betsy Milford. Ms. Milford is the head librarian at the Allendale Public Library as well as a columnist for the professional journal Library Focus. The courses are part of the Allendale Cultural Center’s Project Teen, which was initiated by Leah Martin, Director of the Cultural Center. According to Martin, this project is a direct result of her efforts to make the center a more integral part of the Allendale community. Over the last several years, the number of people who have visited the cultural center for classes or events has steadily declined. Project Teen is primarily funded by a muni? cent grant from The McGee Arts Foundation, an organization devoted to bringing arts programs to young adults. Martin oversees the Project Teen board, which consists of ? ve board members. Two board members are students at Allendale’s Brookdale High School; the other three are adults with backgrounds in education and the arts. The creative journaling class will be cosponsored by Brookdale High School, and students who complete the class will be given the opportunity to publish one of their journal entries in Pulse, Brookdale’s student literary magazine. Students who complete the hip hop class will be eligible to participate in the Allendale Review, an annual concert sponsored by the cultural center that features local actors, musicians, and dancers. All classes are scheduled to begin immediately following school dismissal, and transportation will be available from Brookdale High School to the Allendale Cultural Center and the Allendale Public Library. For more information about Project Teen, contact the cultural center’s programming of? ce at 988-0099 or drop by the of? ce after June 1 to pick up a fall course catalog. The of? ce is located on the third ? oor of the Allendale Town Hall. 2. Which of the following statements is correct? a. Tricia Cousins will teach two of the new classes. b. The new classes will begin on June 1. c. People who want a complete fall catalogue should stop by the Allendale Public Library. d. The cultural center’s annual concert is called Pulse. 1. The Creative Journaling for Teens class will be cosponsored by a. The Allendale Public Library. b. The McGee Arts Foundation. c. Brookdale High School. d. Betsy Milford. 5 – PRETEST – 6. The title of the course â€Å"Creative Journaling for Teens: Discovering the Writer Within† implies that a. all young people should write in a journal daily. b. teenagers do not have enough hobbies. c. writing in a journal can help teenagers become better and more creative writers. d. teenagers are in need of guidance and direction. 3. According to Leah Martin, what was the direct cause of Project Teen? a. Tricia Cousins, the talented choreographer and dance educator, was available to teach courses in the fall. b. Community organizations were ignoring local teenagers. c. The McGee Arts Foundation wanted to be more involved in Allendale’s arts programming. d. She wanted to make the cultural center a more important part of the Allendale community. 7. Which of the following correctly states the primary subject of this article? a. Leah Martin’s personal ideas about young adults b. The McGee Foundation’s grant to the Allendale Cultural Center c. three new classes for young adults added to the cultural center’s arts program d. the needs of young adults in Allendale 4. Which of the following factors is implied as another reason for Project Teen? a. The number of people who have visited the cultural center has declined over the last several years. b. The cultural center wanted a grant from The McGee Arts Foundation. c. The young people of Allendale have complained about the cultural center’s offerings. d. Leah Martin thinks classes for teenagers are more important than classes for adults. 8. This article is organized in which of the following ways? a. in chronological order, from the past to the future b. most important information ? rst, followed by background and details. c. background ? rst, followed by the most important information and details. d. as sensational news, with the most controversial topic ? rst 5. From the context of the passage, it can be determined that the word â€Å"muni? cent† most nearly means a. complicated. b. generous. c. curious. d. unusual. 6 – PRETEST – (excerpt from the opening of an untitled essay) John Steinbeck’s Grapes of Wrath, published in 1939, was followed ten years later by A. B. Guthrie’s The Way West. Both books chronicle a migration, though that of Guthrie’s pioneers is considerably less bleak in origin. What strikes one at ? rst glance, however, are the commonalities. Both Steinbeck’s and Guthrie’s characters are primarily farmers. They look to their destinations with nearly religious enthusiasm, imagining their â€Å"promised† land the way the Biblical Israelites envisioned Canaan. Both undergo great hardship to make the trek. But the two sagas differ distinctly in origin. Steinbeck’s Oklahomans are forced off their land by the banks who own their mortgages, and they follow a false promise—that jobs await them as seasonal laborers in California. Guthrie’s farmers willingly remove themselves, selling their land and trading their old dreams for their new hope in Oregon. The pioneers’ decision to leave their farms in Missouri and the East is frivolous and ill-founded in comparison with the Oklahomans’ unwilling response to displacement. Yet, it is they, the pioneers, whom our history books declare the heroes. 11. Which of the following excerpts from the essay is an opinion, rather than a fact? a. â€Å"Both Steinbeck’s and Guthrie’s characters are primarily farmers. † b. â€Å"Steinbeck’s Oklahomans are forced off their land by the banks who own their mortgages†¦Ã¢â‚¬  c. â€Å"John Steinbeck’s Grapes of Wrath, published in 1939, was followed ten years later by A. B. Guthrie’s The Way West. † d. â€Å"The pioneers’ decision to leave their farms in Missouri and the East is frivolous and ill-founded in comparison with the Oklahomans’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  9. From the context of the passage, it can be determined that the word â€Å"frivolous† most nearly means a. silly. b. high-minded. c. dif? cult. d. calculated. 10. Suppose that the author is considering following this sentence with supportive detail: â€Å"Both undergo great hardship to make the trek. † Which of the following sentences would be in keeping with the comparison and contrast structure of the paragraph? a. The migrants in The Way West cross the Missouri, then the Kaw, and make their way overland to the Platte. b. The Oklahomans’ jalopies break down repeatedly, while the pioneers’ wagons need frequent repairs. c. Today’s travelers would consider it a hardship to spend several days, let alone several months, getting anywhere. d. The Joad family, in The Grapes of Wrath, loses both grandmother and grandfather before the journey is complete. 12. The language in the paragraph implies that which of the following will happen to the Oklahomans when they arrive in California? a. They will ? nd a means to practice their religion freely. b. They will be declared national heroes. c. They will not ? nd the jobs they were promised. d. They will make their livings as mechanics rather than as farm laborers. 7 – PRETEST – Bill Clinton’s Inaugural Address (excerpt from the opening) When George Washington ? rst took the oath I have just sworn to uphold, news traveled slowly across the land by horseback and across the ocean by boat. Now the sights and sounds of this ceremony are broadcast instantaneously to billions around the world. Communications and commerce are global. Investment is mobile. Technology is almost magical, and ambition for a better life is now universal. We earn our livelihood in America today in peaceful competition with people all across the Earth. Profound and powerful forces are shaking and remaking our world, and the urgent question of our time is whether we can make change our friend and not our enemy. This new world has already enriched the lives of millions of Americans who are able to compete and win in it. But when most people are working harder for less; when others cannot work at all; when the cost of healthcare devastates families and threatens to bankrupt our enterprises, great and small; when the fear of crime robs law-abiding citizens of their freedom; and when millions of poor children cannot even imagine the lives we are calling them to lead, we have not made change our friend. 15. When President Clinton says that â€Å"most people are working harder for less,† he is a. reaching a reasonable conclusion based on evidence he has provided. b. reaching an unreasonable conclusion based on evidence he has provided. c. making a generalization that would require evidence before it could be con? rmed. d. making a generalization that is so obvious that evidence is not needed. 13. What is the central topic of the speech so far? a. how Americans can keep up with global competition b. ways in which technology has undermined our economy c. ways in which technology has improved our lives d. how change has affected America and our need to adapt 14. By comparing our times with those of George Washington, Bill Clinton demonstrates a. how apparently different, but actually similar, the two eras are. b. how technology has drastically speeded up communications. c. that presidential inaugurations receive huge media attention. d. that television is a much more convincing communications tool than print. 16. Assuming that Clinton wants to add something about crime being a more serious threat in our time than in George Washington’s, which of the following sentences would be most consistent with the tone of the presidential speech? a. If I’d been alive in George’s day, I would have enjoyed knowing that my wife and child could walk city streets without being mugged. b. In George Washington’s time, Americans may not have enjoyed as many luxuries, but they could rest in the awareness that their neighborhoods were safe. c. George could at least count on one thing. He knew that his family was safe from crime. d. A statistical analysis of the overall growth in crime rates since 1789 would reveal that a signi? cant increase has occurred. 8 – PRETEST – The Crossing Chapter I: The Blue Wall (excerpt from the opening of a novel by Winston Churchill) I was born under the Blue Ridge, and under that side which is blue in the evening light, in a wild land of game and forest and rushing waters. There, on the borders of a creek that runs into the Yadkin River, in a cabin that was chinked with red mud, I came into the world a subject of King George the Third, in that part of his realm known as the province of North Carolina. The cabin reeked of corn-pone and bacon, and the odor of pelts. It had two shakedowns, on one of which I slept under a bearskin. A rough stone chimney was reared outside, and the ? replace was as long as my father was tall. There was a crane in it, and a bake kettle; and over it great buckhorns held my father’s ri? e when it was not in use. On other horns hung jerked bear’s meat and venison hams, and gourds for drinking cups, and bags of seed, and my father’s best hunting shirt; also, in a neglected corner, several articles of woman’s attire from pegs. These once belonged to my mother. Among them was a gown of silk, of a ? ne, faded pattern, over which I was wont to speculate. The women at the Cross-Roads, twelve miles away, were dressed in coarse butternut wool and huge sunbonnets. But when I questioned my father on these matters he would give me no answers. My father was—how shall I say what he was? To this day I can only surmise many things of him. He was a Scotchman born, and I know now that he had a slight Scotch accent. At the time of which I write, my early childhood, he was a frontiersman and hunter. I can see him now, with his hunting shirt and leggins and moccasins; his powder horn, engraved with wondrous scenes; his bullet pouch and tomahawk and hunting knife. He was a tall, lean man with a strange, sad face. And he talked little save when he drank too many â€Å"horns,† as they were called in that country. These lapses of my father’s were a perpetual source of wonder to me—and, I must say, of delight. They occurred only when a passing traveler who hit his fancy chanced that way, or, what was almost as rare, a neighbor. Many a winter night I have lain awake under the skins, listening to a ? ow of language that held me spellbound, though I understood scarce a word of it. â€Å"Virtuous and vicious every man must be, Few in the extreme, but all in a degree. † The chance neighbor or traveler was no less struck with wonder. And many the time have I heard the query, at the Cross-Roads and elsewhere, â€Å"Whar Alec Trimble got his larnin’? † 18. Judging by the sentences surrounding it, the word â€Å"surmise† in the third paragraph most nearly means a. to form a negative opinion. b. to praise. c. to desire. d. to guess. 17. Why did the narrator enjoy it when his father drank too many â€Å"horns,† or drafts of liquor? a. The father spoke brilliantly at those times. b. The boy was then allowed to do as he pleased. c. These were the only times when the father was not abusive. d. The boy was allowed to sample the drink himself. 9 – PRETEST – 22. Which of the following adjectives best describes the region in which the cabin is located? a. remote b. urban c. agricultural d. ?at 19. The mention of the dress in the second paragraph is most likely meant to a. show the similarity between its owner and other members of the community. b. show how warm the climate was. c. show the dissimilarity between its owner and other members of the community. d. give us insight into the way most of the women of the region dressed. 23. The author most likely uses dialect when quoting the question, â€Å"Whar Alec Trimble got his larnin’? † in order to a. show disapproval of the father’s drinking. b. show how people talked down to the narrator. c. show the speakers’ lack of education. d. mimic the way the father talked. 20. It can be inferred from the passage that Alec Trimble is a. a traveler. b. a neighbor. c. the narrator’s father. d. a poet. 21. What is the meaning of the lines of verse quoted in the passage? a. Men who pretend to be virtuous are actually vicious. b. Moderate amounts of virtuousness and viciousness are present in all men. c. Virtuous men cannot also be vicious. d. Whether men are virtuous or vicious depends  on the dif? culty of their circumstances. 10 – PRETEST – (excerpt from a letter to a pet-sitter) Dear Lee, As I told you, I’ll be gone until Wednesday morning. Thank you so much for taking on my â€Å"children† while I’m away. Like real children, they can be kind of irritating sometimes, but I’m going to enjoy myself so much more knowing they’re getting some kind human attention. Remember that Regina (the â€Å"queen† in Latin, and she acts like one) is teething. If you don’t watch her, she’ll chew anything, including her sister, the cat. There are plenty of chew toys around the house. Whenever she starts gnawing on anything illegal, just divert her with one of those. She generally settles right down to a good hour-long chew. Then you’ll see her wandering around whimpering with the remains of the toy in her mouth. She gets really frustrated because what she wants is to bury the thing. She’ll try to dig a hole between the cushions of the couch. Finding that unsatisfactory, she’ll wander some more, discontent, until you solve her problem for her. I usually show her the laundry basket, moving a few clothes so she can bury her toy beneath them. I do sound like a parent, don’t I? You have to understand, my own son is practically grown up. Regina’s food is the Puppy Chow in the utility room, where the other pet food is stored. Give her a bowl once in the morning and once in the evening. No more than that, no matter how much she begs. Beagles are notorious overeaters, according to her breeder, and I don’t want her to lose her girlish ? gure. She can share Rex (the King’s) water, but be sure it’s changed daily. She needs to go out several times a day, especially last thing at night and ? rst thing in the morning. Let her stay out for about ten minutes each time, so she can do all her business. She also needs a walk in the afternoon, after which it’s important to romp with her for awhile in the yard. The game she loves most is fetch, but be sure to make her drop the ball. She’d rather play tug of war with it. Tell her, â€Å"Sit! † Then, when she does, say, â€Å"Drop it! † Be sure to tell her â€Å"good girl,† and then throw the ball for her. I hope you’ll enjoy these sessions as much as I do. Now, for the other two, Rex and Paws†¦ (letter continues) 26. According to the author, his or her attachment to the pets derives at least partially from a. their regal pedigrees and royal bearing. b.having few friends to pass the time with. c. these particular animals’ exceptional needs. d. a desire to continue parenting. 24. The tone of this letter is best described as a. chatty and humorous. b. logical and precise. c. con? dent and trusting. d. condescending and preachy. 25. If the pet-sitter is a business-like professional who watches people’s pets for a living, she or he would likely prefer a. more ? rst-person revelations about the owner. b. fewer ? rst-person revelations about the owner. c. more praise for agreeing to watch the animals. d. greater detail on the animals’ cute behavior. 27. The information in the note is suf? cient to determine that there are three animals. They are a. two cats and a dog. b. three dogs. c. a dog, a cat, and an unspeci? ed animal. d. a cat, a dog, and a parrot. 11 – PRETEST – 29. From the context of the note, it is most likely that the name â€Å"Rex†is a. Spanish. b. English. c. French. d. Latin. 28. Given that there are three animals to feed, which of the following arrangements of the feeding instructions would be most ef? cient and easiest to follow? a. all given in one list, chronologically from morning to night b. provided separately as they are for Regina,  within separate passages on each animal c. given in the order of quantities needed, the most to the least d. placed in the middle of the letter, where they would be least likely to be overlooked. 30. If the sitter is to follow the owner’s directions in playing fetch with Regina, at what point will he or she will tell Regina â€Å"good girl†? a. every time Regina goes after the ball b. after Regina ? nds the ball c. when Regina brings the ball back d. after Regina drops the ball (excerpt from a pro-voting essay) Voting is the privilege for which wars have been fought, protests have been organized, and editorials have been written. â€Å"No taxation without representation† was a battle cry of the American Revolution. Women struggled for suffrage as did all minorities. Eighteen-year-olds clamored for the right to vote, saying that if they were old enough to go to war, they should be allowed to vote. Yet Americans have a deplorable voting history. Interviewing people about their voting habits is revealing. There are individuals who state that they have never voted. Often, they claim that their individual vote doesn’t matter. Some people blame their absence from the voting booth on the fact that they do not know enough about the issues. In a democracy, we can express our opinions to our elected leaders, but more than half of us sometimes avoid choosing the people who make the policies that affect our lives. 33. By choosing the word â€Å"clamored,† the author implies that a. eighteen-year-olds are generally enthusiastic. b. voting was not a serious concern to eighteenyear-olds. c. eighteen-year-olds felt strongly that they should be allowed to vote. d. eighteen-year-olds do not handle themselves in an adult-like manner. 31. This argument relies primarily on which of the following techniques to make its points? a. emotional assertions b. researched facts in support of an assertion  c. emotional appeals to voters d. emotional appeals to nonvoters 32. Which of the following sentences best summarizes the main idea of the passage? a. Americans are too lazy to vote. b. Women and minorities fought for their right to vote. c. Americans do not take voting seriously enough. d. Americans do not think that elected of? cials take their opinions seriously. 12 – PRETEST – Improving Streamside Wildlife Habitats (excerpt from Habitat Extension Bulletin distributed by the Wyoming Game and Fish Department) Riparian vegetation [the green band of vegetation along a watercourse] can help stabilize stream banks; ? lter sediment from surface runoff; and provide wildlife habitat, livestock forage, and scenic value. Well-developed vegetation also allows bank soils to absorb extra water during spring runoff, releasing it later during drier months, thus improving late-summer stream ? ows. In many parts of the arid West, trees and shrubs are found only in riparian areas. Woody plants are very important as winter cover for many wildlife species, including upland game birds such as pheasants and turkeys. Often this winter cover is the greatest single factor limiting game bird populations. Woody vegetation also provides hiding cover and browse for many other species of birds and mammals, both game and nongame. Dead trees (â€Å"snags†) are an integral part of streamside habitats and should be left standing whenever possible. Woodpeckers, nuthatches, brown creepers, and other birds eat the insects that decompose the wood. These insects usually pose no threat to nearby living trees. Occasionally a disease organism or misuse of pesticides will weaken or kill a stand of trees. If several trees in a small area begin to die, contact your local extension agent immediately. 36. Assume that the author has done some other  writing on this topic for a different audience. The other piece begins: â€Å"Remember the last time you walked along a stream? No doubt thick vegetation prevented easy progress. † What is the likely effect on the reader of this opening? a. an aroused interest, due to the reference to the reader’s personal experience b. resentment, due to being addressed so personally c. loss of interest, because the opening line makes no attempt to draw the reader in d. confusion, because not every reader has walked along a stream 34. What is the effect of the word choice â€Å"riparian†?