Regulation of UK Journalism and News A History

Regulation of UK Journalism and News A History The ownership and editorship of multimedia, combined with the ever-looming regulation of the state has had a high impact on Journalism as an industry. The new forms of media production have overall created through a push and pull force for authority between both producers and regulators an industry which has been able to produce news which has altered to suit society. The somewhat flippant relationship between publisher and a centralised government has over time produced an unbalanced system where the power over the news and its influence within the politicised nation have determined the change in societal viewpoints. The competitive nature between the two powers has allowed the constant revival of news products produced throughout the history through new means. With new advancements in news reports, the introduction of new technology alongside the political strain of constant regulation, journalistic boundaries have been pushed towards a great change. Ownership ideas have been chall enged by common concepts throughout history causing individuals to interpret the news in new ways by means of innovative news products. Through challenging the norm and historical changes to journalistic production newspaper publishers have been able to adapt to suit their audience because of the way they tackle the regulations set to suppress journalism. The owners of news companies have dominated the way newspapers are perceived through regulation. Regulation through ownership sets limits to freedom of writing for the greater good, to fit the common beliefs of the democratic society. The regulation of the media needs to be clear and convincing to withhold the attention of the audience. Although we can give general justifications for regulation that helps to reconcile it with the principles of freedom and democracy there is not a singular or definitive answer to why the news needs to be regulated. There are two main types of regulation which have been used within the newspaper press, these are negative and reactive. The negative form is utilised to refute threats to press independence and overall diversity whilst the positive is used to enable the press to coexist with the general philosophies of the political nation. According to Picard (1985), Positive press freedom is intended to promote the free flow of diverse ideas and public d ebate by removing and guarding against barriers to that flow.   Thus, the main aim of regulation should be the promotion of access, freedom to communicate, diversity and universal provision of the individual rights whilst secure communicative and cultural ends were chosen by the people. A journalist was one part of the four estates (Habermas 1984-7), an upholder for the greater good and moralistic standards. Investigative journalism thrived on the notion of helping others, through challenging the way reports were carried out. This type of journalism is about trying to produce information that others, usually in a position of power, do not want to be made public. As the Press Baron William Randolph Hearst allegedly said (Perry, Manners Smith 2006), News is something somebody does not want to be printed; all else is advertising. Investigative journalism, therefore, involves using underhand and sometimes questionable methods of practice. It is then justified by the reader and the publisher, whether the article has been conducted ethically. Each individual case is weighed on its merits, then journalists and editors can make judgement calls. It is widely accepted that the conduct of these types of reports are justifiable, allowing journalists to use underhand and illici t methods to pursue stories that are in the public interest. Levin (1997) stated that reporters should not necessarily be prosecuted for infringing the law, because journalists do serve the public interest and that had to be preserved.   This is evident within WT Steads work. A problem for many publishers was for the fact that the news products being produced could not interest a wide audience. With many papers failing to appeal to a varied audience due to the writers being elitist towards the common man, it was crucial for new news products to be developed and could be accessible to the public. Most papers wrote from an upper-class perspective. This meant that lower class individuals could not relate or understand the content being delivered. The lack of relatability meant that there was a fierce competition in the news market to gain interest from the collective society unless you could appeal to regular readers, a publication was likely to fail. The need for stories which could compel and captivate a reader to continue reading a full article became more evident. As papers were now being released from the constraints of regulation through the Taxes of Knowledge news publishers and the political interest of the working class increasing. , this was a defi nitive point for publishers to branch out through new means. In the nineteenth century, WT Stead helped to produce tabloid journalism. 1885, saw Steads Pall Mall Gazette being launched. Steads personal belief was a government run by the press. Stead stressed that the Press is directed by men with the instinct and capacity of government. Steads journalistic investigation delved into child prostitution in London. His investigation was backed by the Social Purity Movement. He published a series of reports titled: The Violation of Virgins, Confessions of a Brothel-keeper and A Girl of 13 Bought for  £5. The salacious style of Steads reports caused a national uproar. When WH Smith refused to carry the obscene paper on its newsstands, the Salvation Army members helped to sell it instead because of the importance of the paper. Steads enquiry into child prostitution involved breaking the law through his investigative methods. He posed as a client in order to buy a 13-year old girl from her parents for a fiver.   His reporting was recognised b y a fake sheikh through Stead acting as a pseudo-paedo. Through regulators, he was sentenced to three months in jail. The stories provoked a sense of anger which led parliament to raise the age of sexual consent to 16 through the Criminal Law Amendment Act in the same year. Stead knew that to survive he needed to create a loyal readership. He did this with his scandalous stories that caught the interest and echoed the concerns of the public overall. Through the positive press freedom, Steads benefitted the rights of the individual, highlighting the importance of journalists as a watchdog of justice through reactive press information. Here the journalists power outweighed the power of the negative regulators allowing for the adaptation of news media being delivered in a more exciting way. The BBC was first created as a private company by manufacturers to encourage radio sales to the general public, through a dependable foundation. The government, as a regulator, intervened in this change, until 1926. Then the Crawford Committee decided that the BBC would turn into a public organisation. Whilst the BBC was regulated by the government through being financed by tariffs and license fees. The vision of the BBC being a public service, designed to serve the whole of the UK as an impartial broadcaster, transmitting an independent public service across the world was the new aim of the corporation. The British Broadcasting Company would be based on citizenship, rather than private consumption whilst being funded accordingly by the license fees as a tax. The regulation at hand was used to (Hoffmann-Riem, 1996; and Feintuck, 1999) ensure universal availability to the general population of the country of broadcast services, to ensure a wide range of services and access opportuniti es, according to the needs of society meaning diversity in social, political, cultural and local/regional terms and to promote high quality of content provided as far as possible according to locally decided values and standards, with particular reference to information, education, advertising, culture, taste and decency. With the adaptations of television and the start of commercial competition through digital technology, the BBC intended, through its management by Reith. To keep its core concept of being a cultural force serving the whole of society. With the advancements in technology altering broadcasting, listeners through the companys new ethos had the ability to personalise their own sets with lower priced mechanisms from foreign companies and countries and applying for new licenses, which in theory should have given the company more profits for expansion, yet this was not the case. The BBC did not support this and manufacturers were aggravated because the production of news bulletins and transmissions were not proving to be as lucrative as it should have been, because of this the Sykes Committee was established. The committee suggested that the private company should be swapped with, as Curran describes, Public Commission operating in the National Interest. The BBC was regulated as the government could not allow an organisation to appear like it had no rules, so the limited space in the frequency spectrum, allowed for the government to step in through technological constraints. As Thatcher came into power in 1979, the Conservative Party won the General Election, taking over from James Callaghan. The Conservatives went on to win again in the 1983 election by an overwhelming majority. Her government followed a radical program of privatisation and deregulation, reform of the trade unions (UK Gov). Her capitalist ideals crafted a strategy to diminish the power of the journalist and the trade union which aided them. Her long-term strategy for privatising the BBC took heed through the Peacock Commission offered by Mrs Thatcher in 1986. The plan was that subscription should replace the license fee and cover much of the BBCs output. Here the BBC would be commercialised and would then favour those subdivisions of the population, who were most willing to pay for it as consumers. However, the BBC was against this notion as it would lose the company, its credibility as a public service. The Public Service Broadcasting Council was to be set up to support Radios 3 and 4 and to allocate funds to competing for television broadcasters who wanted to gain more public interest. Thatchers attempt to make the BBC conform to her ideals (Hoffmann-Riem, 1996; and Feintuck, 1999) To allocate frequencies and broadcasting concessions in an equitable and orderly manner and supervise conformity to the rules laid down and to look after the basic interests of the state in matters of security and good order, as locally interpreted only caused the BBC to outweigh her rule with their own power. The government was suppressed on this occasion by the journalist safeguarding their own beliefs for the greater good. Yet, threats to press freedom can root from the government itself, but other threats to the press are likely to stem from powerful economic or political forces to suppress the presss freedom of speech. Often the surface reasons given is used as a blanket to conceal the prioritised purpose for the article being published like for the interests of the state. Threats to press freedom can root from the same government, but other threats to the press are likely to stem from powerful economic or political forces to suppress the presss freedom of speech. Often the surface reasons given is used as a blanket to conceal the prioritised purpose for the article being published like for the interests of the state, this can be seen in the Battle of Wapping. The Wapping dispute marked the beginning of the end of Fleet Street newspaper production. The first newspaper to be published in the eighteenth century was Times dates in 1785 and the News of the World, which combined Newszak and serious news. This first appeared in 1843. By the early twentieth century, Fleet Street was at equal power with national newspapers. It was depicted as a highly commercialised, a competitive industry whose owners enjoyed political clout and social prestige by the national workers story. In 1969 Murdoch obtained the News of the World, his first British newspaper, after a battle with rival publisher owner Robert Maxwell. In the same year, he bought The Sun, and through The Suns publishers, Murdoch acquired the Daily Mirror. To help secure the sale, the print unions at The Sun agreed Murdochs demand of lowering the staffing levels to be more cost effective as well as forming a joint paper partnership with the News of the World. Murdoch and his editors transformed The Sun from a pro-Labour paper to a conservative ruled paper.   It became a commercial success, but this was highly controversial because of the papers centralised fixation on Newszak topics in addition to its support of Margaret Thatcher, the new Tory Prime Minister who was elected in May 1979. Murdochs sudden alliance to the new PM introduced her policies for transitioning the government. Her policies of monetarism, privatisation, and self-help were despised by the old labour government followers. St an Cohen (Folk Devils and Moral Panics) stated that condition, episode, person or group of persons emerges to become defined as a threat to societal values and interests. Her capitalist views aligned both Murdoch and herself together to become a force against the traditional press barons giving the ammunition for Murdoch to regulate news media. Thatcher helped Rupert Murdoch break the dominating power of trade print unions at the Battle of Wapping, laying the way for new broadcasters like the Independent and bigger, multi-section newspapers to be formed. This loophole allowed monopolies to be explored and News products to be exploited. Without the battle of Wapping being ended, the flat print would have inhibited the development of news media products and the production of the media. Through destroying the flat press Murdoch regulation allowed for cheaper productions and cheaper products to be sold, benefiting news companies subsequently increasing their revenue for developers. News ownership regulations affected the ability of news media organisations like the BBC and Sky from growing their businesses. The regulation also prevention news outlets from being able to adapt to the changes in the economic climate and the wider media ranges.   The set regulations affect the ability of news media publishers from acquiring new titles, and from expanding their news provision services across other platforms such as television and radio. Thatchers loophole also broke the TV duopoly of ITV and the BBC through the launch of News channels such as Channel 4. Thatcher was successful in privatising the TV transmitter networks, allowing ITV licenses to be sold to the highest bidder. Here Murdoch could create Sky. Murdochs domination over exclusive football rights was all achieved through Thatcher governments support. The advancement in technology aided the quality of British television and broadcasting by increasing its diversity.   The 1980s saw the appearanc e of Sky British television was revolutionary with its focus on Newszak programmes and stories. The focus on more trivial subjects allowed for the company to reach out to a wider audience making the news outlet vastly popular. As Sky emerged Murdoch waged war against the BBC, through its privately funded style and the need for broadcasting domination. Against the other terrestrial broadcasters and the BBC, Murdoch attempted to undermine their public service ethos.   In the case of the two commercial terrestrial broadcasters, ITN and Channel 4, they also lost advertising revenue as viewers were drawn off to Sky because of its possession of exclusive football rights and supporting reports.   To try to preserve their audience share the terrestrial broadcasters some of their advertising revenue the BBC and the other terrestrial broadcasters were forced into rating wars with Sky in which Sky had an immense built-in advantage because of its possession of the exclusive football rights. The quality of terrestrial broadcasters suffered due to their lack of sporting coverage, losing them a favour against Murdochs creation. Yet the popularity of news increased because of this influx of competitiveness b etween news outlets. With Sky News concentrating on Newszak culture the media product being produced in a simpler and more audience friendly manner allowed for a wider audience to be reached. Allan (2004) describes the Push and pull factors between what news sources people could choose. This choice can fluctuate as forms of media develop and in response to audience needs. Some people felt that they were better informed than in past because of the change to how news was being delivered as the many felt that this type of journalism confirmed their worldview, causing them to engage more with the news. With the differing News outlets competing against each other both the BBC and Sky could reach different target audiences allowing people to make a choice on how they wanted to be informed, allowing news media to be catered for a specific audience. Ultimately, the ownership of multimedia has determined the direction that journalism has followed. With the political constraints of regulation through government rule and societal concepts, journalism has fought through suppression to benefit the general public. Regulation through ownership has throughout history set limits to the freedom of writing for the greater good to try and fit the common beliefs of the democratic society. The owners of publishers have been a key factor in creation and production of news products. Owners have been able to transform their news outlets through harnessing new technologies, engaging in debates about popular politics whilst directing the focus of their publications. Ownership combined with both negative and active regulations have over time determined the way in which news is produced. Whilst the negative form of regulation has been adopted to refute threats to the press independence in aims to prevent radical change, the positive form has been used to enable the press to coexist with the general philosophies to gain favour with either the government or the targeted audience. With new advancements in investigative journalism, the creation of the British Broadcasting Company and the addition of Sky News being created journalism has continually updated itself through the political strain of regulation. The push towards specific regulation types allowed news production to alter, creating outlets for certain audiences to engage with. Thus, the governments continual interjections within journalists news production through schemes such as the Peacock Commission offered by Mrs Thatcher in 1986, pushed the towards better production and quality of a more representative news product overall. Word count:   with quotes-3005, without quotes- 2762 Bibliography Jurgen Habermas The Theory of Communicative Action volume 2, Jà ¼rgen Habermas Publisher Beacon Press, 1984 William Randolph Hearst quote from The Gilded Age Progressive Era: A Student Companion Student Companions to American History, Authors Elisabeth Israels Perry, Karen Manners Smith Edition illustrated: Publisher Oxford University Press, USA, 2006 Gavin Levin quote used from Defining Moments in Journalism Media Studies Series,   Editors Nancy J. Woodhull, Robert W. Snyder: Publisher Transaction Publishers, 1997 Picard, R.G. (1985) The Press and the Decline of Democracy. Westport CT: Greenwood Press W.T. Stead quote used from Popular Print Media, 1820-1900, Volume 3 Edition Synapse Popular Print Media, 1820-1900, John Plunkett Authors Andrew King, John Plunkett Editors Andrew King, John Plunkett Edition illustrated, reprint Publisher Taylor Francis, 2004 Cohen, Stanley (2002) Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers. Edition illustrated, third edition: Publisher Routledge James Curran, Jean Seaton: Power Without Responsibility: The Press, Broadcasting, and New Media in Britain Edition reprint, revised Publisher Routledge, 2003 NEWSINTERNATIONAL, Wapping 25 years on, the workers story GPM section of Unite and the Marx Memorial Library. Print: Upstream Coop Printers, Online pdf file version also used:   http://www.wapping-dispute.org.uk/sites/default/files/the-workers-story.pdf UK Gov used for information on Thatcher:   https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past-prime-ministers/margaret-thatcher David Goldberg, Tony Prosser, Stefaan G. Verhulst Editors David Goldberg, Tony Prosser, Stefaan G. Verhulst: Regulating the Changing Media: A Comparative Study Authors Edition illustrated, reprint Publisher Clarendon Press (2002) -   quote used: 1998 Hoffmann-Riem, 1996; and Feintuck, 1999 Allan, S. (2004) 2nd edition. News Culture, OUP

Reflection Of Clinical Practice Nursing Essay

Reflection Of Clinical Practice Nursing Essay The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate application of core components of the NMC Code of Professional Conduct (2008) using reflective practice. The NMC Code of Professional Conduct (2008) states that nurses should act in accordance with the code, using an ethical and legal framework to ensure patient wellbeing and respect confidentiality. Nurses must act in a fair, non-discriminatory way which respects customs, values and beliefs of an individual, providing care which demonstrates sensitivity (NMC 2008, p2). Reflective practice is described by Duffy (2008, p.1405) as an active and deliberate process to critically examine practice, where an individual is challenged to undertake the process of self-enquiry. Refection allows us to look at an experience and how it makes us feel and react, asking what is good and bad, and what can be learnt (Sellman Snelling 2010). Gibbs reflective cycle (1988) allows a systematic and structured analysis and reflection of an event. Description. On my second day of placement in Theatres, I was in the recovery room where a 3 year old boy was being recovered following surgery. The next patient admitted was a Polish lady, who I will call Joanna, in order to maintain confidentiality. She was admitted following an elective termination of pregnancy. Pre operatively she had an interpreter present, but she had returned to the ward and was not present in recovery. When she woke up, Joanna turned to her right and saw the 3 year old boy next to her. She became distressed and started to cry. Joanna appeared to understand no English at all, I tried to calm her down and reassure her, but she did not seem to comprehend. The staff nurse thought that she was upset at seeing the boy after her procedure and went to get a mobile screen to separate the patients. Joanna then became more upset. I called the ward and asked the interpreter to come back to recovery, as the patient was getting more distressed and we were not able to reassure her due t o a communication barrier. The 3 year old boy was also becoming upset. When the interpreter arrived Joanna was able to verbalise that it was the presence of the child that caused her upset and anxiety, as it was the last thing she expected to see when she woke up from anaesthesia. Feelings. I felt helpless as I could not fully understand why she was upset, and I was unable to reassure her or calm her down. I also felt sad and concerned for the 3 year old boy who was obviously distressed by the circumstances. I was concerned that Joanna may have felt more isolated by putting the screen there, and maybe felt judged because of her procedure. I felt the staff nurse assumed the presence of the boy was causing Joannas upset, but that we could not be absolutely sure. Evaluation. Joanna was in a vulnerable position during her post- operative period, and we were unable to help her immediately due to communication barriers. We attempted to resolve what we thought might be the problem by placing the screen, but this appeared to worsen levels of distress for Joanna. Alongside this we were unable to assess her pain, nausea levels and fully explain what we were doing. Positively, we called the interpreter to return as soon as possible to attempt to resolve the situation. I also feel that I was able to look inside myself to challenge my Muslim religious beliefs, which are fundamentally against abortion, putting these aside to treat Joanna in a fair non-discriminatory way. I was able to act in a sensitive and compassionate manner, affirming my belief that I am able to adhere to the Code of Professional Conduct (2008) and its core components. Analysis. The Abortion Act (1967) allows termination of pregnancy up to 24 weeks if continuance of the pregnancy would involve risk to the physical and mental health of the mother. Abortion is one area where health professionals may raise a conscientious objection. Nurses may avoid taking part in the procedure, but must continue to care for the patient, before and after the procedure, despite personal opinions and moral concerns (Royal College of Midwives 1997, NMC 2006). Kane (2009) states in accordance with the NMC nurses must give appropriate and comprehensive care to all patients, regardless of their reason for being in hospital. The Code of Conduct states you must act as an advocate for those in your care (2008, p2), nurses also have a legal obligation to care. I feel I gave appropriate care, regardless of Joannas reason for admission, and did not treat her any differently because of this. The Royal College of Nursing (2012) state that nurses must be culturally competent, caring for the needs of people with differences in beliefs, values and cultures, to provide meaningful, beneficial health care. Health care is compromised when the patient does not understand what is being said to them (Anderson et al. 2003). Communication is seen as a fundamental component in cross cultural care and language difficulties can lead to insufficient care and poor quality nursing (Jirwe et al. 2010, Jacobs et al. 2006). I do feel although we attempted to resolve the situation, our ability to care for Joanna was compromised by not being able to communicate verbally. Jirwe et al. (2010) found in their study that nurses who experienced difficulties in talking to their patients led to care being mechanical and impersonal, as they were fearful of making mistakes. Jirwe et al. (2010) suggest that nursing programs need to address this deficit to ensure nurses are skilled to deal with cross cultu ral differences, such as using translators, nonverbal communication etc. This is supported by Jacobs et al. (2006) who state that people with limited English are less likely to receive the care they need and are less satisfied with health care. The only factor that can improve this is the use of someone who speaks their language, i.e. an interpreter. Carnevale et al. (2009) state that linguistic barriers can cause discrimination and compromise nursing care. They apply ethical theory in that the patient should be respected as a unique person, their right to self-determination upheld, respect for privacy and the nurses responsibility for ones competence and judgement. Veiga et al. (2011) found in their research that the presence of a support person in the recovery room post termination was perceived by the women in a positive manner and also reduced anxiety levels. Termination of pregnancy is associated with pain, which can be exacerbated by anxiety and psychological factors (Pud et al. 2005). It is estimated 10-20% of women following terminations suffer from serious negative psychological complications such as anxiety, depression and sleep disturbances (Coleman et al 2005). I am concerned that Joannas level of anxiety, may have caused her increased pain, and may also have affected her recovery in the longer term. I was unable to find any research that suggested that adults and children should not be recovered together. However there is a drive in the UK to provide same sex accommodation where possible in order to promote dignity and privacy (NHS Institute for Innovation Improvement 2010). A privacy and dignity report by the Chief Nursing Officer stated that screens if used should be high enough to feel like they are in a separate room. Conclusion. Based upon the literature reviewed during the analysis, it is evident that an interpreter should have been available to reduce Joannas stress, anxiety and even pain response. We do not always know how a patient will recover in the immediate postoperative period and patients can often be disorientated. This was made worse for Joanna as she did not understand what was happening. We could not effectively give reassurance, or fully assess the situation due to the language barrier. The only way in which this could have been resolved was to have the interpreter present when she came round from her anaesthetic. In reflection, the screen should have been in place before Joanna came round from theatre to protect both her, and the 3 year old boys dignity and privacy. If the screen had been in place, then this incident would not have occurred. It I difficult to say whether placing the screen was the right action after Joanna became upset, as it seemed to cause Joanna more distress. However, we also had to take into consideration the 3 year old boy, who was frightened, scared and also becoming upset. It is my opinion that this was in both patients best interests to place the screen after the fact, although it would have been a better situation if the interpreter had been present. It must however be said, that it is not always possible to have an interpreter due to scarce resources, but as the patients advocate, we should do all we can to protect their best interests. Action Plan. In future, regardless of my location, I will endeavour to be aware of potential problems that may arise due to the patients circumstance or environment. I will be more focused on making sure that all resources are in place, such as anticipating when an interpreter may be necessary, and also ensuring dignity and privacy are maintained. I feel this reflective essay has been invaluable, and I am able to demonstrate ethical practice, acting in a non-discriminatory and fair manner, within a legal framework , despite my own personal beliefs. References. Anderson, L.M., Scrimshaw, S. C., Fullilove, M. T., Fielding, J.E. et al. 2003. Culturally competent health care systems. American Journal of Preventative Medicine. 24 (3), pp. 68-79. Carnevale, F. A., Vissandjee, B., Nyland, A., and Vinet-Bonin, A. 2009. Ethical considerations in cross linguistic nursing. Nursing Ethics. 16 (6), pp. 813-26. Coleman, P.K., Reardon, D. C., Strahan, T., and Cougle, J. R. 2005. The psychology of abortion: a review and suggestions for future research. Psychology Health. 20 (2), pp. 237-271. Duffy, A. 2008. A concept analysis of reflective practice. Determining its value to nurses. British Journal of Nursing. 16 (9), pp. 1400-1407. Gibbs, G. 1988. Learning by doing: A guide to teaching and learning methods. Oxford: Further Education Unit, Oxford. Jacobs, E., Chen, A. H.M., Kaliner, L.S., Agger- Gupta, N.et al. 2006. The need for more research on language barriers in health care: A proposed study research agenda. Millbank Quaterly. 84 (1), pp.111-133. Jirwe, M., Gerrish, K., and Ermami, A. 2010. Student nurses experiences of communication in cross cultural care encounters. Journal of Caring Sciences. 24 (3), pp. 436-444. Kane, R. 2009. Conscientious objection to termination of pregnancy: the competing rights of patients and nurses. Journal of Nursing Management. 17, pp. 907-912. NHS Institute for Innovation Improvement. 2010. Delivering same sex accommodation. www.institue.nhs.uk/delivering_same_sex_accomodation Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008. The NMC Code of Professional Conduct: Standards for Conduct, Performance and Ethics. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council. Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2006. Conscientious objection A-Z Policy sheet. www.nmc-uk.org/aframedisplay.aspxx?documentID-1562. (accessed 18th Sept 2012) Pud, D., and Amit, A. 2005. Anxiety as a predictor of pain management following termination of first trimester pregnancy. Pain Medicine. 6 (2), pp. 143-148. Royal College of Midwives (1997). Conscientious objections position paper 17. www.rcm.org.uk ( accessed 18th Sept 2012) Royal College of Nursing. Transcultural care of adults. www.rcn.org.uk/developmental/learning/transcultural/adulthealth/sectionone (accessed 18th Sept 2012). Sellman, D., and Snelling, P. 2010. Becoming a nurse: a textbook for professional practice. Pearson Education Ltd: China. Veiga, M.B, Lamm Gemeinharat, C., Houlihan, E., Fitzsimmons, B.P., et al. 2011. Social support in the post abortion recovery room: evidence from patients, support persons and nurses in a Vancouver clinic. Contraception. 83(3), pp. 268-73.

The Dollmaker by Harriette Arnow Essay -- Dollmaker Harriette Arnow

The Dollmaker by Harriette Arnow The Dollmaker by Harriette Arnow is the story of one woman whose genius is undermined by those surrounding her. Gertie Nevels, a tall, big-boned woman raised in the Appalacian region of Kentucky is creative, self-sufficient, strong, and resourceful. In her native home, Gertie creates for herself an atmosphere where she is able to survive any situation and has everything under control. As Wilton Eckley states in â€Å"From Kentucky to Detroitâ€Å", a chapter in his novel, Harriette Arnow, â€Å"Certainly while the family is living in Kentucky, she [Gertie] is self-sufficient and has no fear that she will be unable to get along if Clovis is called to join all the other younger men of the community in the service† (87). In fact, she is able to make her dream of moving into a larger farm and expand her comforts and resources, along with providing better for her family without the help of her husband; however, when she is forced to move to Detroit, she is out of her element. Throughout her life, she has molded herself to be able to do any task that is stereotypical of males or females. Even though initially she finds it hard to live the â€Å"city life† that is typical of Detroit, she is able to adapt her mind to be able to tolerate- and eventually accept- her new surroundings. Although Gertie Nevels shows obvious genius, because of her geographic disposition and gender, she is unable to use her abilities to the fullest extent. Harriette Arnow uses the first scene in her novel to exemplify Gertie’s strength, intellectual capacity, practical usage of skills and courage; furthermore, she portrays (within the reaction of the soldiers) the reaction that outsiders usually have to her. Because of her dialect a... ...er needs the block of wood to feel as if she can connect to God. Harriette Arnow, in her â€Å"Letter from a Writerâ€Å", states that â€Å"Gertie split her wood because she didn’t need it anymore; it was not an act of despair.† Moreover, â€Å"It hurt and was a sacrifice in a sense made for all the things she hated† (25). Furthermore, she comments that Gertie â€Å"split the block of wood, knowing the things she had wanted in the face were about her in the world.† Works Cited Arnow, Harriette. The Dollmaker. New York: Avon, 1972. ... â€Å"Letter from a Writer.† Now and Then 5 (Fall 1988): 24-25. Eckley, Wilton. â€Å"From Kentucky to Detroit City† (Chapter 5). Harriette Arnow. New York: Twayne, 1974. 85-100. Walsh, Kathleen. â€Å"Free Will and Determinism in Harriette Arnow’s The Dollmaker.† South Atlantic Review 49.4 (1984): 91-106.

Chapter 4 of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay -- Mary Shelley Franken

Chapter 4 of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein In 1816 the famous gothic novel ‘Frankenstein’ was begun, Frankenstein was largely successful because it was the first sci-fi novel that anyone had ever seen. The Gothicism that this genre is meant to expose is very good because it really is written to evoke terror in readers and show the dark side of human nature, and of course another reason the novel was a success, was because the author Mary Shelley had a first hand experience of the death that this book precedes. Mary began the novel in Italy after staying with Lord Byron and after a discussion about science they challenged each other to a ghost writing competition, Mary’s mother died soon after Mary was born. Mary had two children that died and one was called William, these experiences of death were mirrored in Mary’s novel. Also reading journals from her husbands early life, he wanted to be a surgeon, and after talking with him and the family doctor where she thought up the idea of using electricity to bring corpses to life. In this essay I will be writing the about atmosphere of the chapter, the facial contrasts of the creature, Frankenstein’s dream, the creatures intentions, the creatures special request, the prejudice against the creature and the destruction of Frankenstein. Frankenstein hysterical reaction towards his creation, I will show you is prejudice and unjust. At the beginning of the chapter 4 Mary Shelley starts off by setting the scene of Frankenstein’s workshop, the aura created around the scene was shown as sinister and dreary, I comprehend from the text that it was a rainy night by the following quotes, â€Å"It was on a dreary night of November.† â€Å"The rain pattered dismally against the... ...re children how they should be looked after or else the child will grow up the same way he was brought up in a non-caring way, and also that everyone in society has responsibility to the helpless and needy, because they too want to be helped and accepted by others or they too will feel unable to manage with the life that was brought on to them. It also shows that no matter what, there will be prejudice found in your lifetime and they will be prejudice towards you, but in this novel Frankenstein’s creation was called The Monster, but he is only misunderstood the real monster in this novel is Victor Frankenstein himself, and all the torture he went through he brought upon himself. In conclusion, you have a responsibility towards everyone else, and your actions you hold may be brought against you if you cannot bring yourself to show the correct moral ethics.

Are School Uniforms Beneficial or Not? Essay -- Argumentative Educati

Are School Uniforms Beneficial or Not? (â€Å"Quotes about Uniform Policy† 1). Theodore R. Mitchell, UCLA School of Education says, "I think its great news for all of us who have advocated school uniforms as a way of building community.† A pressing issue, bullying has become a big problem in many school, and to eliminate this problem, school policies should require students to wear uniforms. Many people believe that school uniforms build the community into a safer, more positive environment. School uniforms improve school academics, prevent gang violence, and assist families, who can not afford expensive clothing. Worrying more about others, rather than themselves, students pay more attention to the appearance of their peers instead of their academics. To begin, if school uniforms became apart of the school policy, students’ academics would improve phenomenally. Hanley noted that â€Å"The reason for the policy [was] to further improve ascending test scores and provide a safe, comfortable learning environment† (A1+). Clearly, school administrators wanted to improve test scores, and they figured if students dressed the same, then they would have no other choice but to focus on their school work. If the students can concentrate on their school work, then they will have high self- esteem. Furthermore, Valdez believes that school uniforms, positively, will change student academics: â€Å"†¦ [they] decrease self consciousness and increase self esteem...† (14). Reasonable and realistic, students who feel better about themselves will succeed in school rather than those who have poor self-esteem. Not only do school uniforms encourage students to have a better attitude about themselves, but they also change the environment in which students learn.... ...Print. Hanley, Kipp. â€Å"At Middle School, a uniform solution?† McClatchy-Tribune Business News. 4 Oct 2009: A1+. Sirs Knowledge Source. Proquest LLC. Web. 8 Nov 2010. Mitchell, Theodore R. â€Å"Quotes about Uniform Policy.† Lbschools.net. LBUSD. 2010. Long Beach Unified School District. Web. 15 Nov 2010. Soloman, Louis K. â€Å"Schools Smarten Up Without Uniforms.† Sun Sentinel 30 Jun 2004: A1+. Sirs Knowledge Source. Proquest. Web. 11 Nov 2010. Stephens, Daniel. â€Å"School Dress Codes are Necessary and Constitutional.† Student Rights May 2001: 12-16. Gale. North Caroline Family Policy. Web. 9 Nov 2010. Synder, Susan. â€Å"Shirts Tucked in, Cell Phones Out: School Rules are Changing.† Philadelphia Inquirer 24 Sept 2004: A1+. Sirs Knowledge Source. Proquest LLC. Web. 8 Nov 2010. Valdez, Al. How Can Gang Violence be Prevented? San Clemente: Law Tech, 2005. Print.

Japanese Art Essay

For the GOY* project, I chose to visit The Pavilion of Japanese Art in the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) and look at Japanese artworks, especially from the Jomon to Heian period. There were no event focusing on Japanese Art on LACMA, so I opted to join a Sunday tour of the Japanese art collection instead. Knowing at once that it would only last for 50 minutes, I wondered at first how the guide would condense the lecture of thousands of years of Japanese history and Japanese art, especially that it entails a lot of explaining and translating to do. But the explanations as we went along the way were brief and concise and focused on the artworks, but were enough for us to take note of. What I intended to focus on were paintings from the Jomon to Heian period of Japanese Art, but instead I took note of different forms of Japanese artworks which I found interesting. There were several pieces that caught my attention, but those that I focused on were a ceramic vessel from the middle Jomon period, Jizo Bosatsu, which is carved wood sculpture from the late Heian period, and Seated Warrior, a sculpture from the Kofun period. Japanese art on the Jomon period are mostly earthenware vessels, mostly deep pots made of clay. Potteries made from the Jomon period are characterized by rope markings, incised lines and applied coils of clay (Kleiner 91). These vessels, however psychedelically figured, have a variety of uses. They serve different purposes, from storage to burial (Kleiner 91). The vessels on the Japanese Art Tour on the LACMA mostly have textured bases, the incised rope markings very apparent, and have castellated rims. Japanese art on the Kofun period is completely different. According to the Minneapolis Institute of Arts Website, the art on this period is characterized by tombs furnished haniwa, or cylinders which are used as adornment for tombs on the era. The forms of the haniwa later evolved to simple geometric forms of houses, animals, birds, and other figures. The sculpture on the LACMA, however, resembles a Seated Warior form, hence, its title. The Heian period is characterized with artworks representing or illustrating Esoteric Buddhism (Kleiner, 2010). Most of the artworks are Buddhist deities sculptures carved from wood, to which people worship. The sculpture of deities were characterized by a wardrobe of a monk’s, and all of them stood on top of a lotus, which symbolizes rebirth, according to the tour guide. I have expected Japanese art to be intricate, except maybe those from the Jomon period. But it turned out that even from the Neolithic period, the Japanese already had a sense of aesthetics that their vessels are adorned with rope markings. For me, the abstract form of Jomon period art is its strength. The Kofun period art was indeed very interesting for me because the artworks were used to decorate tombs, and the decorations symbolizes the person in that tomb. Meanwhile, as expected, Heian art is deeply rooted on Buddhism, and has Chinese influences. At the end of the day, I realized that the evolution of Japanese art relied on what happened in Japan at the time these artworks were constructed. The colorful events strongly influences the frame of mind of the artists. History is what shapes art.

Great Expectations Study Guide

Throughout these early scenes it Is clear that there Is a feeling of evil pervading. The evil comes not so much from Magnetic or even the Terrible young man' that PIP so fears as a young lad, but rather the presence of the gibbet and the nearby reference to the ‘hulks that appear â€Å"like a wicked Nosh's Ark. † It is a symbol of evil that is presently at hand as well as foreshadowing future ills. In this chapter we can see that the presence of the soldiers makes Pip ill at ease because of the guilt that he eels at aiding and abetting the escapees.He fears that they will tell of his collusion if they are captured. We know that it is their own quarrel that brings their escape to grief. We are told that they came from different class groups. The fierce young man is supposedly a ‘gentleman. ‘ This brings into doubt the definition of this term. This is important as Dickens Is most concerned in his work with defining the class groups and In fact the true definiti on of a gentleman. The evil of the convicts is contrasted with the sympathy that both Pip and Joe feel for them.Joe Is particularly selfless In is forgiveness towards Magnetic upon his admission of stealing from their household. PIP on the other hand allows this deception to pass as It favors his position. â€Å"l was too cowardly to do what I knew to be right, as I had been too cowardly to avoid doing what I knew to be wrong. † His guilt is intense and this isn't lessened by the forces around him that would condemn him and subdue him prejudicially for being young, fatherless and vulnerable. These forces ironically seem to come from his own parish and family.Joe, who is ironically not blood related is the one that he ants to impress the most and tone who he fears alienating by telling the truth. The irony is that Joe has already displayed tangible signs of being able to forgive anybody for anything on humanitarian grounds e. G. Magnetic. Magnetic himself has done a noble act In his confession. This Is In contact to Pip's cowardly secrecy. Chapter 7 Pip lacks education. This is remedied by Pip's being sent to Mr†¦ Whoopee's great aunt. Unfortunately she tends to sleep through these lessons. Fortunately, though, Pip learns to read through the assistance of Biddy, the granddaughter of this lady.Pip, who is apprenticed toes displays a very disturbing quality during this chapter that is to affect his development and the responder's opinion of him, that being snobbery. He ostentatiously offers to tutor Joe who is illiterate, but changes when Joe tells his story of how he met Mrs.. Joe and how he had cared for Pip. Joe goes further to show his magnanimous affection for all humanity as well as Pip: â€Å"l wish there warrant no Tickler for you, old chap; I wish I could take It all on myself,† He also looks at the frost on the marshes and pities all those that might be caught up In It.Pip Is Invited through Uncle Bumblebee's to visit a rich and grim lady who lived in a large and dismal house, MISS Having looms large as life at the end of this chapter. Pip breakfast for his uncle before heading to Stats house. ‘Stats' refers symbolically to the irony of being satisfied. In contrast to the name of this Manor House there is nothing that is satisfied. When Pip arrives he is greeted by a young girl who comes across the courtyard to give Pip entry and usher him through the grim house by candlelight.Her name is Estella and she seems like a shining star to Pip although ironically her spurning of Pip seems to remove much of her luster to the responder. When we are introduced to Miss Having she appears as a weird and shrunken lady who seems surreal and almost lifeless. Her watch and the clock remain at twenty minutes to nine. This is the time that her life stopped and she began to decay metaphorically and literally. She tells Pip that her heart is broken and then orders him to play. Pip is unable to satisfy this request until Estel la is ushered in once more to play cards with him. Miss Having sits acropolises during this before dismissingPip and ordering him to return in six days. He is ushered out and given something to eat before experiencing an hallucination of Miss Having being hung. He walks home with his mind buzzing with the contempt that Estella had for him. Chapter 9 This chapter finds Pip being ‘grilled' by the negative forces at home, Uncle Bumblebee's and Mrs.. Joe. He prefers to lie being embarrassed about his treatment at Stats house. He eventually owns up to his lies to Joe at the forge that night but is haunted by the fact that Estella found him coarse because of his hands and boots. He wishes that he wasn't coarse.Joe tells him that: â€Å"If you can't get to be uncommon through going straight, you'll never get to do it through going crooked. † Pip thinks about Joey's wisdom as he is going to sleep that night, however, he can't help thinking that Estella would consider Joe common and his boots thick and his hands course. It would seem that this first visit to Stats House has infected Pip psychologically and he is experiencing quite a deal of disquiet. Ironically it is his childhood innocence that has been lost. After visiting Stats house and gaining a glimpse of a more privileged lifestyle he will himself never be satisfied again.This creates a prelude to his expectations. Chapter 10 Pip is obsessed now with improving himself, presumed to make himself more acceptable to Estella and Miss Having. He asks Biddy to privately tutor him in addition to the classes that he was getting at Mr†¦ Whoopee's great aunt's school. The disquiet that Pip is increasingly feeling and that was first heralded by his hallucination of Miss Having hanging is now seen further in his dreams. This follows when he sees Mr†¦ Hopple at the public house tailing to a mysterious stranger who is stirring his rum and water with a file. It is Joey's file.Pip is further haunted by nig htmares about the convicts and the file. Most importantly he is concerned that having such secret associations with criminals might be perceived as being ‘common' and therefore unpalatable to Estella. Chapter 1 1 wonders why he doesn't cry when she slaps him. This hardens him against emotion and this suggests also what Miss Hafnium's design was in this relationship. Another foreshadowed event occurs as he enters when he encounters a strange man of dark complexion. Pip returns to Stats house on the appointed day to find that Miss Having is being visited by fawning relatives.It seems as if the responder is strangely and unexpectedly given an emotional empathy for Miss Having. We feel for this character because she is Jilted and because we know that the relatives that are fawning after her have only her inheritance in mind. The relatives are Raymond, the henpecked husband; Camilla the hypocrite; Miss Sarah Pocket the fawning woman and Georgian the quiet but slippery woman. When t hey have gone Pip is asked to play again but refuses and agrees instead to work. He is forced to walk Miss Having around the table where she tells Pip that she will one day be placed when she is dead.The Juxtaposition of this frank request and the fawning relatives brings death to the fore. Miss Having also places expensive Jewelry on Estella breasts and hair to suggest her beauty and suggested inheritance. This is to tease and taunt Pip in a way starting the process of gaining revenge on mankind through her ward Estella. The notion of Juxtaposing two different classes is also part of this process. Pip is taken outside to be greeted by a pale young gentleman who wanted to fight Pip. Pip betters him and is rewarded with a mocking kiss by Estella. Chapter 14 Pip is totally miserable in this chapter.His discontent has reached apparently unbearable levels. This content is highlighted by the Juxtaposition of the good- natured Joe. His only solace is in that he hasn't shown Joe how he fee ls about him. Nonetheless it is a point of further pain as he realizes the extent of his character flaw as it contrasts with Joe: â€Å"l know right well that any good that intermixed itself with my apprenticeship came of plain contented Joe. † This heightens his cognitive dissonance. He feels guilt and shame at being ashamed and dissatisfied with things surrounding such and amiable character as Joe. He fears that Estella and MissHaving may visit and see him in his grimiest state. He is fully aware of the level of shame that he feels about Joe and his apprenticeship as a blacksmith. Pip feels that all hope for him has been lost. It is not incidental that this has come as a direct result of his visit to Stats House. His depression is evident in his thoughts made evident in this chapter: â€Å"l have felt for a time as if a thick curtain had fallen on all its interest and romance, to shut me out from anything save dull endurance†¦ † Chapter 15 The cognitive dissonan ce or guilt that Pip felt last chapter reaches its zenith in this chapter.He is the focal point of a fight between Joe and an itinerant worker (journeyman') named Rollick. Pip decided that he would like to visit Miss Having to thank her for organizing his apprenticeship as it was the anniversary of the establishment of the same. He asked Joe for a half day off so that he could visit Stats this leads to Mrs.. Joe arguing with Rollick and then Joe feeling that he had to defend his wife, the resulting fight leads to Joe defeating Rollick. They later make up over a pint but Pip's guilt about this incident is enduring. He visits Stats House but is greeted by Miss Sarah Pocket instead of Estella.Estella is overseas to become a lady. This leads to further dissatisfaction in Pip. Mr†¦ Hopple meets Pip and leads him to Uncle Puncheons place to see a play by a young George Lillo. The play is about an apprentice who murdered his Uncle. This adds further guilt as Pip feels that this is all aimed at him because he is an apprentice. It is as if the adults surrounding him feel that he will amount to no good. On the way home they walk with Rollick before reaching the village and finding that something is wrong at the Gagger house. Pip runs home to find out that his sister has been struck on the back of the head.Chapter 16 The theme of guilt continues in this chapter as Pip thinks that he may be somehow responsible. He fears one of two sources of this crime both that would somehow be his responsibility. It could have been Rollick, in which his asking for a day off may have indirectly be responsible; or the strange young man with the file in which it would have been his fault because of his association with convicts. Meanwhile Mrs.. Joe lies unconscious and then speech impaired. She continually asks for Rollick and designs a â€Å"T† that seems to point at the assailant.Biddy comes to live with them to help nurse Mrs†¦ Joe in the light of the death of Whoopee's aunt's death. Chapter 17 Pip's life has become routine except for his annual visit to Stats House on his birthday, at which time he is given a Guiana. Each visit makes him further dissatisfied with his lot in life. After one visit he takes Biddy walking on the marshes, where all bad things happen. He is oblivious to the fact that Biddy might love him even though he does see that she is attractive on one level. He thinks that he is better than her and acts in a patronizing manner towards her.He apparently cannot get the specter of Estella out of his mind†¦ If I could only get myself to fall in love with you†¦ † This reveals how self absorbed he is as he cannot appreciate her affection for him or even her feelings. The tragedy of this scene is that his soul-mate is in front of him and he is crippled from recognizing this. On the way home Rollick confronts them but Pip dismisses him. Biddy suggests that she is uncomfortable with Rollicks manner as she fears that he lik es her. Pip wishes to get him dismissed but his new relationship with Mrs†¦ Joe prevents this action.Chapter 18 In the fourth year of his apprenticeship Pip goes with Hopple to the Three Jolly Bargeman where Hopple reads out an account of a local murder. Those around him believe the man to be guilty. A stranger chimes in asserting everyman right to be man that he met on the steps of Stats House all those years ago. Pip learns that he has ‘great expectations' from an unknown benefactor. He is to retain his name as Pip; he is to be educated and he must not seek to know his benefactor. Ironically he is more morose than ever and is sad and lonely. His emotions do not move further away than himself.He cannot fathom what Joe and Biddy might be feeling at his departure. He is to be educated by Mr†¦ Matthew Pocket, Miss Pocket's relation. This to the responder as well as to Pip seems to link this lady to his expectations. It seems unlikely that it could be anyone else respon sible. Whilst Pip counts the days down to his departure, Biddy and Joe feel the opposite about the passing of this time. Chapter 19 Pip feels satisfied and free as Joe and he burn his indenture papers. After church he goes to the marshes again and thinks condescendingly about his village and feels superior to everyone.He thinks that he would do something for the village once he has made his mark. He recalls his first meeting with the convicts on the marshes. Pip's negativity and superiority ironically has him wishing ill to these convicts that had frightened him all those years ago. Pip hopes that the convict is transported or perhaps dead. He presumes that the benefactor is Miss Having and wonders whether part of the plan for himself involves Estella. This misapprehension is encouraged by her when she says: â€Å"Goodbye Pip – you will always keep the name of Pip you know. This of course echoes the instructions given to him by Jaegers from his benefactor. This combined with the fact that Jaegers was associated with Miss Having seems to be too much of a coincidence for him and the responder. Pip snoozes only to wake to find Joe smoking next to him. Again he acts in a superior condescending manner towards him. We notice the sycophants come out of the woodwork at this point of the novel. Mr.. Tract spurns Pip until he learns of his money and expectations. At this point he starts to fawn after him, as does Bumblebee's and even Miss Sarah Pocket.Dickens, it would seem, is determined to satirist the money dominated society in which he lived. He was more concerned with humanism and the real values of human beings Great Expectations – Charles Dickens: Part 2 Chapter 20 In this chapter Pip arrives in London and finds the city dirty and revolting. This seems to represent to the responder that he is disappointed in his expectations. It certainly takes the gloss of his expectations. This can be clearly seen through the repetitious use of the word â€Å"di smal. † â€Å"Mr†¦ Jigger's room was lighted by a skylight only, and was a most dismal place. This also gives an idea about how we are to view Jaegers. He too is a dismal man with very little regard for the societal ‘garbage' that provides him with his living. They provide him with a living but he treats them in a superior way as goes his clerk Hemming: â€Å"l wondered †¦ Whether they all claimed to have the same obtains perjured witnesses for Jaegers. Jaegers tells Pip to go to Barnyard's inn where he is to meet Herbert Pocket. Jaegers ends this chapter telling Pip: â€Å"of course you'll go wrong somehow, but that's no fault of mine. Chapter 21 This chapter mostly contains information about the city and about Barnyard's Inn and its environs. We learn about the seedy nature of London when Hemming advises: Mimi may get cheated, robbed and murdered in London. † Pip begins to despair: â€Å"So imperfect was this realization of the first of my great exp ectations, that I looked in sigma at Mr†¦ Hemming. † We are told that Weenie is to be a major influence on Pip as he controls the money from Jaegers. The end of the chapter has Pip meeting Herbert who recognizes Pip as the â€Å"prowling boy. † Could things possibly get worse!Nonetheless he is to find Herbert' company a bright spot in a â€Å"dismal† London landscape. Chapter 22 Herbert and Pip become friends despite the earlier altercation. They share stories about Estella as it is obvious that Herbert too has had dealings with her. Herbert describes her as a â€Å"Tartar†: miss, Miss Having had sent for me, to see if she could take fancy to me. Despite this obvious parallel to his situation Pip does not waver from his affections for Estella. We find out that Estella is adopted by Miss Having. It would seem to reek revenge on all mankind by her â€Å"haughty and capricious† nature.We find out that Matthew Pocket is Miss Hafnium's cousin and th is coincidence is the driving force behind Pip's supposition that he must be favored by this woman and hence she must, it would seem be his secret benefactor. In this chapter the familiar relationship with Herbert is established and he is given his nickname Handel after the piece of music called the Harmonious Blacksmith. This provides a link to Pip's roots and his true personality that suggests that he is not as haughty as he aspires to be. It also suggests that whilst Herbert is of this world he also has a sense of identification with normal societal dealings.Nonetheless Herbert does try to teach Pip proper etiquette such as how to use his utensils. Chapter 23 This is a chapter where we are introduced to the strange world of the Pockets household. Mrs.. Pocket has aspirations to be royalty and is ‘precious' being removed from the upbringing of her children. We are told they are not brought up but in fact eave â€Å"tumbled up. † When they annoy her she simply has them sent inside to have a nap. We are also introduced to Matthew Pocket, Herbert father. The responder is told that he is well educated at Cambridge. His other tutees are are Drummed and Startup.These characters are also introduced here. The total impression of the scene is painted as mildly amusing and Pip feels comfortable here, probably because despite the dysfunctional nature of the relationships it is more hospitable than his variety was not possible in the country and he appreciates it and finds it interesting and amusing. Chapter 24 Pip's future is discussed whilst it seems it is still very vague and not sent in concrete. He is told that he was: â€Å"not designed for any profession. † His education therefore is to be a generic one. He wants to secure his place at Barnyard's inn and needs to get furniture.Jaegers plays with him about the sum that he will need for this. Again this suggests something about the nature of Jaegers more than anything. This is also suggested whe n talking with Hemming about this man. He tells Pip to note his housekeeper carefully when he is invited to dine with his guardian. † You'll see a wild east tamed. † This provides some foreshadowing for this scene. Hemming also invites him to Walworth to observe â€Å"†¦ Three curiosities as I have got. † Chapter 25 In this chapter we find that Pip visits Whimsies Walworth castle. This provides a contrast to the world of Stats House that is dark an gothic.Whimsies house is warm and inviting. It is personal and quirky and provides and interesting view of the lower echelons of society and how happy they can be. Perhaps this is the vision of society that finally gives Pip something to build upon for his future. Earlier in the novel he experiences such rejection and dislocation from his own sphere of influence including his sister that there is no stability other than Joe, who is himself under siege by Mrs.. Joe. We are also introduced to Startup and to Drummed a nd find out more about these fellow students.Further is said about Jaegers and the dictatorial power and influence he has over the criminal underclass of society p. 206. The aged provides an interesting sideline in the world of Hemming and this shows his concern with family and support of others. It certainly shows how he has developed a dual persona between home and work life. When I come into the office, I leave the Castle behind me, and when I come into the Castle, I leave the office behind me. † Chapter 26 Pip, Startup and Drummed head to Jaegers for dinner and gives an unusual degree of attention to Drummed.It certainly also provides a comparison with Whimsies house for the responder: â€Å"†¦ L had an early opportunity of comparing my safeguard's establishment with that of his achier and clerk. â€Å". Jaegers makes his housekeeper show her wrists to the guests after they themselves had spent a ludicrous amount of time showing off their own muscles in an absurd di splay. We are also told that her ace compared with the faces that Pip had seen around the cauldron in a play of incident : â€Å"the Spider's time with Mr†¦ Pocket was up for good, and, to the great relief of all the house but Mrs†¦Pocket, he went home to the family hole. † This suggests that his societal aspirations and ambitions are closely aligned to Mrs†¦ Pocket. This taints our feelings towards Drummed and suggests that his significance to the story will be greater than this. Chapter 27 In this chapter the country comes to the city. Biddy writes a letter in typically familiar tones as Joe suggests he wants the letter written including slang What larks. The letter discusses that Joe is coming to London and in fact Hopple is coming to London as well to make his mark upon the London stage.Pip's snobbery has developed and he is not too pleased at this news and greets it â€Å"†¦ Not with pleasure, though I was bound to him by so many ties. It seems that he is in fact embarrassed by Joe as was suggested in Pip's discussion with Biddy before he came to London. When they meet there is an awkwardness evident and they in fact have trouble finding conversation. We are even made privy to Pip's thoughts when Joe does visit about his clothes and he way that he eats: â€Å"As to his shirt and collar they were perplexing to reflect on†¦ He sat so far from the table, and dropped so much more than he ate. Joe brings news that Miss Having requires Pip to return to Stats House to visit regarding the return of Estella. Pip is mortified with the poignancy of Joey's parting comment which highlights the societal division between the two that has developed: Pip†¦ Life is made of ever so many partings welded together†¦ One man's a blacksmith, and one's a whitest†¦ You and me are not two figures to get together in London: nor yet anywhere else but what is private and Benson and understood among friends. † Chapter 28 Pip return s home but decides not to stay at Joey's, instead opting for a room a the Blue Boar.He says that he would have liked to take his servant the Avenger, Just to show off particularly to that impudent rascal, Tract's Boy. Coincidence again plays its hand as he happens to be on the same stage as two convicts are traveling. One of them Just happens to be the same convict that gave him the two one pound notes. Pip departs the carriage with haste and makes for the Blue Boar where he discovers local newspaper that tells of Bumblebee's being the founder of Pip's fortune. Pip feels self-righteous indignation about this. Chapter 29 This chapter is a study in self delusion.Despite the fact that Herbert had told him of his experiences at Stats House he feels that his situation is different and that his affection for Estella is real. He thinks about seeing Joe but doesn't, instead walks on the other side of town to avoid running into him. Whilst walking he has a daydream about his relationship wi th her. He sees himself as doing â€Å"†¦ The shining deeds of the he tells us that he â€Å"†¦ Loved her none the less. Interestingly he finds Rollick at the door and there is some banter before he is admitted to Miss Having and Estella. Later he advises Jaegers to advise the dismissal of this unsanitary individual.He also haughtily advises the dismissal of Tract's Boy after Tract's boy mocks him for his airs and graces. When Pip meets with Estella she tells him that she was the ghost that he had seen that night. P. 238. Miss having appeals to Pip to love her charge but Estella herself informs Pip how unprepared she is to love anybody. â€Å"I'll tell you what real love is. It is blind devotion, unquestioning self-humiliation, utter submission. Finally we are told that Estella in her turn would come to London and that Pip would host her. This leads to Pip's love expectations and pride: â€Å"†¦ Hat she should be destined for me, once the blacksmith's boy. † Chapter 30 This chapter is the most satirically poignant chapter in the novel. Dickens points the disapproving finger of social condescension and snobbery squarely at Pip but he is too caught up in his new superiority to take it to heart. Perhaps this is because the person who is pointing the finger is the subject of his own need to show off, Tract's boy, therefore it is too easy to shrug all of this off as Jealousy. Nonetheless from the responder's perspective there is no character that is less pretentious than Tract's Boy.Audacious †¦ Yes, irreverent †¦ Yes, but not Jealous. Coincidence is again the device of this chapter. Pip is keen to avoid running into Bumblebee's, probably because of the newspaper article that he read last chapter, so he decides to walk for a bit and meet the carriage to London, that Jaegers is also in, further down the road. This provides the circumstance for Pip to run into Tract's Boy. When Pip sees him walking towards him â€Å"lashing himself with an empty blue bag,† he deems that â€Å"a Rene and unconscious contemplation of him†¦ † Would be the most dignified thing to do.Here is Pip trying to seem dignified to the unseemly, knockabout Tract's Boy. This in itself is pure folly. It was met by Tract's trilogy of mockery for Pip's apparent snobbish and condescending demeanor. He pretends to be afraid; asks for â€Å"mercy in front of many people; then â€Å"crows† him out of town with his cry of â€Å"don't know yah, don't know yah, pony my soul don't know yah,† to mock Pip's haughty dismissal of his town and all of his previous acquaintances that now seem below his recognition. Chapter 31 The comic satire continues in this chapter as Pip visits the theatre to see Whoopee's performance of Hamlet that is poor in the extreme.Nonetheless when he is taken backstage he is complementary telling Mr†¦ Wallpapering (Hopple) that he thought â€Å"massive and concrete. † After this experi ence Pip dreams of performing Hamlet to Miss Hafnium's ghost in front of â€Å"†¦ Twenty thousand people, without knowing twenty words of it. † This again reminds the responder how much of a hold this woman and her actions have a hold over his psyche. His dreams and nightmares and subconscious desires are all caught up with the world of Stats House. Chapter 32 In this chapter Hemming invites Pip to Join him in a visit to Negate prison.The Prison is described vividly. The metaphor of the Jail as â€Å"Whimsies greenhouse† is used. Hemming is described as walking amongst the prisoners: â€Å"†¦ Much the same as a gardener might walk amongst his plants. † In this environment, his work environment, takes upon himself the same superiority as Jaegers. Pip parts from Hemming and thinks about his: â€Å"childhood out on our lonely marshes on a winter evening. † Then regrets coming with Hemming on this particular day when he is supposed to be meeting wit h Estella. He tries to â€Å"beat the prison dust off†¦ † And even to â€Å"exhale its air. Ironically he fears, but doesn't understand, the â€Å"†¦ Nameless shadow which again in that one instant had passed. † Chapter 33 Pip is more confused and dissonant regarding his relationship with Estella than ever. She arrives and tells him that she is bound for Richmond to live and that Pip is to escort her, to this end she gives him her purse to pay for the expenses. There is a strong sense that Estella is a victim of her own fortunes and that she is a cannonball in flight without control over being fired or even what she might destroy when she ands. We have no choice, you and l, but to obey our instructions. We are not fee to follow our own devices, you and l. † Then she â€Å"†¦ Drew her arm through mine, as if it must be done. † Estella recognizes Matthew Pocket's qualities but feels that she has to add â€Å"†¦ For I hate that class of man. † She also murmurs the contemptuous utterance â€Å"Wretches! † as she approaches Negate. The narrator confesses that he would never have told her of his â€Å"†¦ Visit for any consideration. † This again shows how she has been ruined by Miss Hafnium's patronage. Her superior demeanor is objectionable to the responder.Pip gives voice to his affections for her and she is dismissive Mimi silly boy†¦ How can you talk such nonsense. † Nonetheless he steals a kiss with her permission even though he recognizes that he could â€Å"†¦ Build no hope on it. † He in fact recognizes that she will probably have many admirers in his absence in Richmond. Pip thinks about confiding in Matthew Pocket and gain his advice on women, but then sees Mrs†¦ Pocket reading â€Å"a book of dignities† and concludes that perhaps his advice may not be as sound as he'd hoped. Chapter 34 Regret plagues Pip as he starts to realize the social ramificat ions of his expectations.