Parody Through Counter Examples Essay

Counter examples argon used th rawout this play, and is a key role in the parody of the play. On both male and female sides of the dynamics in the play the first one is right from the start. the streets are absolutely clogged with frantic females banging on tambourines. No urging for an orgy (727) In the Classical Age of Athens upperclass wo custody assumed the role of a housewife, where their duties were to either clean up the house or channelize the slaves of the house to do it for them. It was un listend of for women to be out in the streets like this period much less at night. The women of Athens formed together to bandage against the men to bring them home from the war. As the women were gathering to plan against the men, Lysistrata said, Im on fire right down to the bone. Im positively ashamed to be a womana member of a sex which cant even live up to male slanders To hear our husbands talk, were sly deceitful, always plotting, monsters of intrigue(728) this citation makes me laugh, because while she is saying this her and multiple women are plotting a way to get back at the men.This bring up plays off the classify that a woman is always out to make a mans life miserable in e verything they do, but this is exactly the thing they are trying to do. While the women are out in the streets they continue to show how ridiculous they are when they are complaining on how much they do for their men. This quote by Kleonike is a prime example, Theyll be here. You k no a womans way is hard mainly the way out of the house snow flurry over hubby, wake the maid up, put the baby down, bathe him, feed him (728) Kleonike goes on and on virtually how much work they have to do, but she mentions that she gets up the maid, which does the work for her. This quote plays of the stereotype that women do a lot of house work, but in the play they have maids so obviously they are not doing too much.Counter examples are a huge part of the parody that is within the play, all of my previous quotes had stereotypes in them, but they all counter themselves. acts are still very popular today, for example the movie Space Balls which is a parody of Star Wars. Space Balls makes fun of everything that is taken very seriously in Star Wars, which gives the movie that comedy feel a parody comes with.Throughout the play, parody is proven in both the men and the women. The stereotype that men are strong and tough is presented towards the beginning of the play at the gates of the treasury. Never been confronted with such backtalk. Cant allow it. Somebody pick up a log and pulverize that brass. (740) Immediately following this the men are easily silence by nothing more than a bunch of women carrying water. These rough and tough men seen in the previous quote were defeated by nothing more than water. Shivering, the CHORUS OF MEN retreats in utter defeat (742) afterwards the mens defeat they run away to the Commissioner, and he is sent home packing after several attempts to out man Lysistrata. Gross ineptitude. A sorry day for the Force.(745) This also relates to a parody in our modern day times with our own military. I here people complain about so many things our military does and stands for, yet the majority of the people criticizing are too afraid to join the military to begin with. So this manly stereotype applies to modern times as well, men are quick to jump up to fight someone, but do they go done with it most of time, no.This quick battle also shows how brutal these Athenian women are, when women of the classical age were to moreover be seen not heard. Women were used as trophies most of the time, to be seen only and never heard. In this quote you get a typical stereotype of the women of this time, Glamor is our only talent. All we can do is sit, primped and painted made up and dressed up, (729). Women were never known to be violent, but in this quick battle with the men and the commissioner we see how brutal these women are, INTO THE FRAY Show them no favor Push Jostle Shove Call them nasty names Dont be lady like(745) In no way, form, or elbow room are these ladies being lady like in this scene, which is another perfect example of parody runs wild throughout this play making it out to be the comedy it was made to be.All of these counter examples play favor to my leading argument which is the fact that the women in this play use parody the most through abstinence by withholding sex. This is the biggest parody of them all. This play revolves around sex, but the whole goal of the womens tactics is to refrain from it. Its easy to see with my following examples that this play uses parody around every turn. The parody in this play does not come without a type of counter example of a stereotype that is either assumed or given throughout the play. In this time frame, women would have never been allowed to do this. If you can put your mindset in the classical age of Athens its easy to see how funny and how much parody is a ctually used.

The Da Vinci Code PROLOGUE

Louvre Mexercisingum, Paris 1046 P. M. celebrated curator Jacques Sauniere staggered through the vaulted archway of the museums Grand Gallery. He lunged for the ne best painting he could see, a Caravaggio. Grabbing the gilded frame, the seventy-six-year-old humanity heaved the masterpiece toward himself until it tore from the wall and Sauniere collapsed backward in a heap beneath the canvas.As he had anticipated, a thundering iron gate fell nearby, barricading the entrance to the suite. The parquet spirit level shook. Far off, an alarm began to ring.The curator lay a moment, gasping for breath, taking stock. I am still alive.He crawled surface from under the canvas and scanned the cavernous space for someplace to hide.A voice spoke, chillingly close. Do non move.On his hands and knees, the curator froze, turning his head slowly.Only fifteen feet away, outside the sealed gate, the mountainous silhouette of his attacker stared through the iron bars. He was broad and tall, with gho st-pale skin and thinning white hair. His irises were pink with blueish red pupils. The albino drew a pistol from his coat and aimed the barrel through the bars, directly at the curator. You should non have run. His accent was not easy to place. Now tell me where it is.I told you already, the curator stammered, kneeling naked on the floor of the gallery. I have no idea what you are talking aboutYou are lying. The man stared at him, perfectly immobile except for the glint in his ghostly eyes. You and your brethren possess something that is not yours.The curator felt a surge of adrenaline. How could he possibly know this?Tonight the rightful guardians allow for be restored. Tell me where it is hidden, and you will live. The man leveled his gun at the curators head. Is it a secret you will give way for?Sauniere could not breathe.The man tilted his head, peering protrude the barrel of his gun.Sauniere held up his hands in defense. Wait, he give tongue to slowly. I will tell you w hat you need to know. The curator spoke his next words carefully. The lie he told was wizard he had rehearsed many clips each time praying he would never have to use it.When the curator had finished speaking, his assailant smiled smugly. Yes. This is exactly what the others told me.Sauniere recoiled. The others?I found them, too, the huge man taunted. All tierce of them. They confirmed what you have just said.It cannot be The curators true identity, along with the identities of his three senechaux, was almost as inspirational as the ancient secret they protected. Sauniere now realized his senechaux, following strict procedure, had told the same lie before their declare deaths. It was part of the protocol.The attacker aimed his gun again. When you are gone, I will be the only one who knows the truth.The truth.In an instant, the curator grasped the true horror of the situation. If I die, the truth will be lost forever.Instinctively, he essay to scramble for cover.The gun roared , and the curator felt a searing heat as the bullet lodged in his tum. He fell forward struggling against the pain. Slowly, Sauniere rolled over and stared back through the bars at his attacker.The man was now taking dead aim at Saunieres head.Sauniere closed his eyes, his thoughts a swirling tempest of fear and regret. The tick off of an empty chamber echoed through the corridor. The curators eyes flew open.The man glanced down at his weapon, looking almost amused. He reached for a guerrilla clip, but then seemed to reconsider, smirking calmly at Saunieres gut. My work here is done.The curator looked down and saw the bullet hole in his white linen shirt. It was framed by a undersize circle of blood a few inches below his breastbone. My stomach.Almost cruelly, the bullet had missed his heart. As a antique of la Guerre dAlgerie, the curator had witnessed this horribly drawn-out death before. For fifteen minutes, he would survive as his stomach acids seeped into his chest cavity, slowly poisoning him from within.Pain is good, monsieur, the man said. Then he was gone. Alone now, Jacques Sauniere turned his see again to the iron gate. He was trapped, and the doors could not be reopened for at least twenty minutes. By the time anyone got to him, he would be dead. Even so, the fear that now gripped him was a fear far greater than that of his own death.I must pass on the secret.Staggering to his feet, he pictured his three murdered brethren. He thought of the generations who had come before them of the mission with which they had all been entrusted.An unbroken chain of knowledge.Suddenly, now, condescension all the precautions despite all the fail-safes Jacques Sauniere was the only remaining link, the sole guardian of one of the most powerful secrets ever kept.Shivering, he pulled himself to his feet.I must find some way .He was trapped inside the Grand Gallery, and there existed only one person on earth to whom he could pass the torch. Sauniere gazed up at the walls of his golden prison. A collection of the worlds most famous paintings seemed to smile down on him like old friends.Wincing in pain, he summoned all of his faculties and strength. The desperate task before him, he knew, would require every remaining second of his life.

Apple Introduction: Iphone, Ipad and the Company Essay

Apple Inc. (Apple), incorporated on January 3, 1977, de signboards, manufactures and grocery stores mobile communication and media thingamajigs, personal computers, and movable digital music players, and sells a transition of related parcel, function, peripherals, entanglementing solutions, and tertiary-party digital content and finishs. The friendships products and services include iPh whizz, iPad, mac, iPod, Apple TV, a portfolio of consumer and professed(prenominal) softwargon applications, the iOS and OS X operating(a) establishments, iCloud, and a variety of admissionory, service and yield offerings. The alliance besides sells and delivers digital content and applications through the iTunes introduce, App StoreSM, iBookstoreSM, and macintosh App Store. The go with sells its products oecumenical through its retail stores, online stores, and direct sales force, as well as through third-party cellular network carriers, wholesalers, retailers, and value-added re sellers. In February 2012, the companion acquired app-search engine Chomp.See more how to write an introduction paragraph for an essayThe Company offers a range of mobile communication and media devices, personal computing products, and portable digital music players, as well as a variety of related softwargon system product, services, peripherals, networking solutions and third-party hardware and software products. In addition, the Company offers its accept software products, including iOS, the Companys mobile operating system OS X, the Companys mack operating system and server and application software. The Companys primary products include iPhone, iPad, Mac, iPod, iTunes, Mac App Store, iCloud, operating(a) System Software, Application Software and new(prenominal) Application Software.iPhoneiPhone combines a mobile phone, an iPod, and an Internet communications device in a single handheld product. Based on the Companys Multi-Touch user interface, iPhone features desktop-class email, mesh browsing, searching, and maps and is compatible with both Mac and Windows- ground computers. iPhone automatically syncs content from users iTunes libraries, as well as contacts, bookmarks, and email accounts. iPhone allows customers to access the iTunes Store to d haveload audio and video files, as well as a variety of some new(prenominal) digital content and applications. In September 2012, the Company dismissed iPhone 5, its latest version of iPhone. In addition to the Companys own iPhone accessories, third-party iPhone compatible accessories are available through the Companys online and retail stores and from third parties.iPadiPad is a multi-purpose mobile device for browsing the Web, reading and sending email, viewing vulner aptitudes, watching videos, listening to music, play games, reading e-books and more. iPad is based on the Companys Multi-Touch technology and allows customers to connect with their applications and content in a more interactive way. iPad allows customers to access the iTunes Store to download audio and video files, as well as a variety of opposite digital content and applications. In March 2012, the Company launched the iPad, its third coevals iPad, and in October 2012, the Company announced its fourth generation iPad and iPad mini. In addition to the Companys own iPad accessories, third-party iPad compatible accessories are available through the Companys online and retail stores and from third parties.MacThe Company offers a range of personal computing products, including desktop and portable computers, related devices and peripherals, and third-party hardware products. The Companys Mac desktop and portable systems feature Intel micro solveors, the OS X operating system and the iLife suite of software for creation and management of digital photography, music, movies, DVDs and Websites. The Companys desktop computers include iMac, Mac Pro and Mac mini. The Companys portable computers include MacBook Pro and MacBo ok Air.iPodThe Companys iPod line of portable digital music and media players includes iPod touch, iPod nano, iPod shuffle and iPod classic. All iPods work with iTunes. In addition to the Companys own iPod accessories, third-party iPod-compatible accessories are available through the Companys online and retail stores and from third parties. The iPod touch, based on iOS, is a flash-memory-based iPod with a widescreen Retina display, a Multi-Touch user interface, and built-in iSight camera. iPod touch allows customers to access the iTunes Store to download audio and video content, as well as a variety of digital applications.The iPod nano is a flash-memory-based iPod that features the Companys Multi-Touch interface allowing customers to travel their music collection by tapping or swiping the display and built-in Bluetooth for wireless listening. The iPod shuffle is a flash-memory- based iPod that features a clickable control pad to control music playback and VoiceOver technology enab ling customers to hear song titles, artists and play list names. The iPod classic is a hard-drive based portable digital music and video player.iTunesiTunes is an application that supports the purchase, download, organization and playback of digital audio and video files and is available for both Mac and Windows-based computers. iTunes features integration with iCloud, AirPlay wireless music playback, Genius Mixes, spot Sharing, and syncing functionality with iOS devices. iTunes is integrated with the iTunes Store, a service that allows customers to discover, purchase, rent, and download digital content and applications.The iTunes Store includes the App Store and iBookstore.Mac App StoreThe Mac App Store allows customers to discover, download and install Mac applications. The Mac App Store offers applications in education, games, graphics and intent, lifestyle, productiveness, utilities and other categories. The Companys OS X operating system software and its iLife, iWork and oth er application software titles are also available on the Mac App Store.iCloudiCloud is the Companys cloud service, which stores music, photos, applications, contacts, calendars, and documents and wirelessly pushes them to multiple iOS devices, Mac and Windows-based computers. iClouds features include iTunes in the Cloud, Photo Stream, Documents in the Cloud, Contacts, Calendar, Mail, automatic downloads and purchase history for applications and iBooks, and iCloud Backup. Users cigarette sign up for free access to iCloud using a device running qualifying versions of iOS or OS X.Software Products and Operating System SoftwareThe Company offers a range of software products for consumers and for SMB, education, enterprise and government customers, including the Companys iOS and OS X operating system software server software professional application software and consumer, education, and business oriented application software. iOS is the Companys mobile operating system that serves as t he foundation for iOS devices. iOS supports iCloud and includes features, such as Notification Center, a way to view and manage notifications in one place iMessage, a messaging service that allows users to send text messages, photos and videos between iOS devices, and Maps, with turn-by-turn navigation. iOS supports Siri, a juncture activated intelligent assistant, which is available on qualifying iOS devices. OS X, the Companys Mac operating system, is built on an open-source UNIX-based foundation.Application SoftwareiLife is the Companys consumer-oriented digital lifestyle application suite included with all Mac computers. iLife features iPhoto, iMovie, iDigital Versatile Disc (DVD), GarageBand and iWeb. iPhoto is the Companys consumer-oriented digital photo application and iMovie is the Companys consumer-oriented digital video editing software application. iDVD is the Companys consumer-oriented software application that enables customers to turn iMovie files, QuickTime files, an d digital pictures into interactive DVDs. GarageBand is the Companys consumer-oriented music creation application that allows customers to play, render and create music. iWeb allows customers to create online photo albums, blogs and podcasts, and to customize websites using editing tools.iWork is the Companys integrated productivity suite designed to help users create, present, and publish documents, presentations, and spreadsheets. iWork includes Pages for word processing and page layout, Keynote for presentations, and Numbers for spreadsheets. The Company also has a Multi-Touch version of each iWork application designed specifically for use on iOS devices.Other Application SoftwareThe Company also sells various other application software, including Final Cut Pro, logic Studio, Logic Pro, and its FileMaker Pro database software. The Company manufactures the Apple LED Cinema Display and Thunderbolt Display. The Company also sells a range of Apple-branded and third-party Mac-compat ible and iOS-compatible peripheral products, including printers, storage devices, computer memory, digital video and still cameras, and various other computing products and supplies. Apple TV allows customers to watch movies and television shows on their high definition television. Content from iTunes, Netflix, YouTube, and Flickr, as well as music, photos, videos, and podcasts from a Mac or Windows-based computer can also be wirelessly streamed to a television through Apple TV.Strategy Implementation in Apple IncApple Inc. Is arguably one of the most successful companies in the world, enjoying one of the most visible brand names in the world. Its launch of new products is usually waited with heightened anticipation by consumers around the world, and its financial deed has been exemplary. This success can be attributed to two main genes the visionary leadership offered by its immediate former chief executive Steve affair and the strategic goal of emphasizing on design and the wil lingness to develop new products by taking stake of developing new products for the market.The strategic goal of developing new products, while at the same date emphasizing on design, has been successful because it has utilized the components of strategic murder. The allocation of resources by the company in the developing of new products has been substantial, and more often in well thought and planned processes. The financial resources focused on the evolution of new products with new and superior designs can be said to follow Sun Tzus strategic principles of knowing oneself and knowing the enemy, who in this case would be the competitors. Apple Inc., by utilizing the superior capabilities in its possession, has been able to develop products superior to those developed by its competitors and thus acquiring a valuable market segment.The institution of best practices for continuous development has seen Apple Inc. Develop some of the best practices in design in the industry. The role standards in Apple are some of the best, and the design teams in the company are reputed to put in some extreme efforts to ensure that the products developed are of the best standard possible. tying rewards to the achievement of key strategic goals can also be said to be a factor in the success of the design strategy of the company. The remuneration process of offering bonuses at the good performance of the company can be said to be a motivation to the employees of the company to develop develop performing products.Since Steve Jobs joined the company in 1998, the company has been growing in leaps and bounds simply because of the expression of a capable organization by focusing on the areas of improvement. The company has been able to make a focus on the development of new products of superior design to those of competitors, and has improved continuously on these products. Steve Jobs can be compared to the military genius with all the traits developed by Clausewitz intellect , courage to develop new products for the market, ability to adapt to changes and strength of character. These traits of the chief can be said to have contributed to the strategic success of the company.The support systems employed in Apple Inc are some of the best, and the company being in the electronics and telecommunications business has seen to it that their implementation is well carried out. The company has numerous operation centres spread across the globe and despite this the working towards the development and production of new products seems seamless because of this excellent support system utilised by the companys employees. Communication between the layers of operations of the company is seamless, and no time and resources are wasted on the process of communicating decisions and feedback between the hierarchical levels of the company. This can be likened to Sun Tzus advocacy for speed in battle good support systems offer an opportunity for fast and efficient decision ma king which finally leads to corporate success.The policies of the company that have been established in the recent past indicate their supportiveness to the strategy of developing new products superior in design, one of the eight components of implementing strategy. The outsourcing of production of apple products to China can be used as an example of this, with the goal of reducing production costs while maintaining the high quality of the products.

Biography of Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay

Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem. Massachusetts. on July 4. 1804. His parents were Nathaniel Hawthorne. and Elizabeth Clark Manning. His male parent dies of chromatic febrility when he was four old ages old. He so grew up in the manning family with his grandparents. uncles. and aunts. Nathaniel Hawthorne was fond of taking recollective walks by himself and reading overly. He study Shakespeare. Pope. Milton. and Thompson. He went on escapades while he took these long walks and he wrote ab unwrap his escapades. this is how his authorship accomplishments developed. When Nathaniel Hawthorne turned 15 he moved to Maine with his uncle and later attended Bowdoin College in Brunswick. While in college he did ill in most categories accept his literary categories. in which he excelled. He graduated 3 old ages subsequently. While in college He became friends with Henry W. Longfellow. Franklin Pierce. and Henry D. Thoreau. after(prenominal) college he returned to Salem. Massachusetts and resided in the manning family. He so withdrew from society. H followed the same agenda everyday.He studied in the forenoon. took long walks in the afternoon. and so wrote in the eventide. In 1828 he published his first news anonymously. Fanshawe. He subsequently so destruct all transcripts and was non proud of it. His first publication that was a mastery was The Token . and Peter Parley . In 1830 he served as an editor for a figure of publications. He besides began to compose infantrens books. He so took a occupation in a rule house. In 1840 he left his occupation knowing that he would shortly be fired due(p) to the result of the election locomotion on during that nip off. He married Sophia Amelia Peabody. In 1844 he had his first girl. He so returned to Salem due to fiscal force per building block areas. Him losing his occupation turned out to be a approval as he had the clip to compose some of his best works . much(prenominal) as The Scarlet Letter. The House of Seven Gables. and The Birthdale Romance. In 1860. he published The Marble Faun. our old place. and subsequently went on a circuit with Franklin Pierce because Pierce was running for president.Nathaniel Hawthorne lived in an of import clip stop consonant. In 1820-1830. Nathaniel Hawthorne was about 16-26 old ages old. During that clip the Erie canal made new York the imperium province. besides during that clip period Andrew capital of Mississippis inaugural party wrecked the white house. In 1830-1840 when Nathaniel Hawthorne was about 26-36 old ages old. During that clip Andrew capital of Mississippi beat up the adult male who tried to kill him. besides during that clip Charles Darwin visits the Galapagos Island. and the thought of inhering choice and endurance of the fittest is introduced to the universe. During 1840-1850. Nathaniel Hawthorne was 36-46 old ages old. The gold febrility struck California and people were avaricious and ambitious. anyways during that clip in 1852 Franklin Pierce was elected president. Nathaniel Hawthorne helped Pierce with the runs for the election. During 1850-1870 Nathaniel Hawthorne was 46 and he died and in 1864 he died.During that clip compromises over slavery delayed the genteel war. and so subsequently the United States was torn over the civil war. Nathaniel Hawthorne accomplished a battalion of things during his spirit-time and at a immature age every bit good. just in his early old ages when he was four his male parent died. Nathaniel Hawthorne was the l one(a) male child but had two other sisters. His early old ages were washed-out in Salem. Massachusetts. When he graduated from Bowdoin college he went on summer Tourss through the nor-east. He in 1839 he took a occupation in a usage house in Boston. and served as an editor for a figure of publications. He besides started out his composing calling. composing childrens books. However in 1840. he resigned cognizing he would be fired. In 1842 he married Sophia Amelia Peabod y. and in 1844 his first girl was born. A few old ages subsequently. fiscal force per unit areas forced him to return to Salem with his household. He so became a surveyor of the port of Salem.In the early 1850s he lived in ruddy house in Lennox and made a friendly relationship with Novelist. Herman Melville. In 1853-1858 Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote a run life for Franklin Pierce. he was subsequently rewarded with united provinces consulship at Liverpool. Since the civil war was traveling on during that clip he wrote articled about the civil war and his survive old ages he joined an experimental creek farm community filled with transcendentalist. He so went to Europe and spent septette old ages at that place before he died of a encephalon tumour in his slumber. Nathaniel Hawthorne is a alone author and had a alone authorship manner heoften wrote about the day-to-day life and community and puritan devastation. Although he was a Puritan he was non the typical Puritan author and wrote f rom a various position about the puritan life. His most The novel The Scarlet Letter is possibly one of the most widely-read and most representative of many of the subjects in the plants of Nathaniel Hawthorne. diversion from the fact that it is set during the Puritan period in American history. it deals with many topics other plants. most notably his celebrated short narrative The pastors Black Veil. approachthe subject of wickedness. particularly secret wickedness. Hawthorne was fascinated with the thought of wickedness and penalty and this subject is expressed overtly in The Scarlet Letter by the erosion of the embroidered missive itself and covertly through many of the minor characters such as Roger Chillingworth are literally eaten away by wickedness. manage Esthers lover the sermonizer in The Scarlet Letter who is troubled by secret wickedness. so excessively is the curate in the short narrative by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The Ministers Black Veil. Aside from utilizing the all egory signifier to state moral narratives. it is of import to observe that the plants of Nathaniel Hawthorne are non at wholly elementary mortality narratives with a spiritual intent.Hawthorne was composing during the Romanticism motion and he besides seeks to research subjects of record and world every bit good as to force the bounds of human imaginativeness and creativeness. adept grade of this manner is the usage of the occult. which surely occurs in about every narrative by Nathaniel Hawthorne. although to incompatible extents. Novels such as. The House of the Seven Gables. Nathaniel Hawthornes part to American literature can be taken literally or merely his debut of a new authorship manner and a different position on Puritan ways. In 1824 he published Fanshawe anonymously. and leter that twelvemonth he published the attribute and Peter parley.In 1832 he published immature Goodman brown Roger malvins burial and My Kinsman major malineuxa womens narrative The hollow of the three hills . In 1835 he published anthencieum . In 1837 he published. double told tales American Magazine of utile and entertaining cognition. In 1841 he published grandfathers chains* and the following twelvemonth he publisheddemocratic review and his most celebrated work was published in 1845 & lt reddish letter . In 1846 he worked on African journals a wonderbook for male childs and misss in 1851 and the house of seven gables in 1851 and in 1852 he published the blithdale romance in 1855 he published tangled for misss and boys His last plants are in 1860 the marble faun and our old home1863. He is known for being the first amercian source to use artistic judgement to puritan society.

Assess the View Family Is Found in Every Society Essay

Assess the view that the family is found in every partnership. (24 marks) A family is a group of community that conk turn up together in the same household, they work together and pool their resources and to both(prenominal) extent they package domestic tasks and income. Families often reproduce and hold back children. They unremarkably include an adult male and female who have a sexual relationship which is approved of by the wider association as it is often a matrimonial relationship. This is Murdocks definition of a family and is often considered to be a atomic family. Murdock, a functionalist, based his definition on a sample of 250 societies which ranged from hunting and gathering bands to small-scale farming societies to large-scale industrial societies. He found a variety of family forms within his sample however each contained a basic meat consisting of a husband and a wife with one or more children, either their own or adopted. Murdock imagined that the atomic family is a universal proposition social grouping as it is found in all societies. deviation from the nuclear family there be also extended families, these often contain relatives of kin either through with(predicate) blood or through labor union. This is often having aunties and uncles who become family through marriage and then have children to touch the family bigger with cousins. These all stem off from the nuclear family. Families argon also larger due to beanpoles, this is usually grandparents and grandchildren, and the family gets bigger due to different generations getting bigger. In the nuclear family it is usually a monogamous marriage that takes place, this is where a person exclusively marries one person and this is considered the norm in many societies. In otherwise societies polygamy is the norm. This is where a person is permitted to marry more than one person at a time for face in the Mormon society this is the norm.This often occurs in these societies as the re is a shortage of work force or women, due to the economic stability or to provide more children. In some societies, the nuclear family is non the norm. Felicity Edholm said that there was nothing normal or natural about the nuclear family. She states that family and kinship relationships are socially constructed as they are based on culture more than on biology. The links between husband and wife, and parent and child are constructed differently within different societies. The Lakker of Burma estimate there being no blood relationship between the mother and the child, the mother is simple a container for the child to grow in, therefore sexual relationships between the mother and the child are permitted due to no blood relationship so it is not seen as incest. This shows that in societies a nuclear family is not normal. The Nayer society in India is made up of men and women descended through the female line from a common ancestor.Brothers and sisters, women and children live tog ether the children are members of their mothers group and not their fathers. The Nayer girls marry a man before puberty and later on on are permitted to as many lovers as they want. Her husband may or may not be one of these lovers. The children are raised in their mother social group and husbands and fathers so not share the same residence as their wives and have little to do with their children. The brother of the mother raises the children equal his own rather than the biological father and it is his job to look after them. This IK society is another society which doesnt have a nuclear family.The IK societies face a daily struggle to survive in the face of draught, famine and starvation. Anyone who cannot look after themselves are regarded as unsatisfying burdens. Children are regarded as useless appendages the same as old people as they use up precious resources so they are often abandoned and left to die, sick and disabled children are also left to die. The IK mothers throw the children out of the village compound at three years old and they have to then fend for themselves. These examples of non-nuclear families are interactionalists ideas and do show that the family is not universal as there are some societies without families such as the IK.The Marxists agree with the interactionalists in that families dont appear in all societies, the Marxists believe that families only appear in societies with a private residence therefore making it non-universal. The feminists believe that the family only appears in families where the men dominate the women it doesnt have to be universal. The new rights think that there is a universal human tendency to live in families however there are other universal tendencies too such as the desire for survival. In these cases the tendency for families to appear may be overridden. In modern western societies the family may be in decline because selfishness over-rides the natural tendency to form families.

Al Maqasid Al Sharia

CIFP SH1002 SHARIAH ASPECTS IN BUSINESS AND FINANCE AL-MAQASID AL-SHARIAH THE OBJECTIVES OF Moslem LAW DEFINITION OF MAQASID AL SHARI AH The word Maqsid (plural Maqasid ) springs a subject matter of purpose, objective, principle, intent, goal. Maqasid comprise the wisdom and knowledge puke rulings, the objectives of particular actions. As for the term Shariah , some scholars define the word as following strictly the injunctions of Allah or the way of Islam ( din ). Hence, Maqasid al-Shariah represents the objectives and the rationale of the Shariah.It encompasses each disciplines, laws, regulations, policies, instructions, obligations, principles, beliefs, devotion and actions designed to protect the interest of human beings in all segments and aspects of life. Various scholars assume tried to elucidate the purposes and the objectives of Shariah upon which it is eshitchlished. Among these the exceptional individuals are the Malikite Abu Ishaqal-Shatibi, the Shafite al-Izz ibn Abd al-Salam, and the Hanbalite Ibn Qayyim al Jawziyyah.According to Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, Shariah aims at safeguarding commonwealths interest in this human being and the Hereafter. Referring to the maqasid al-Shariah , al-Ghazali said The objective of the Shariah is to promote the welfare of human beings, which lies in safeguarding their faith, their life, their intellect, their posterity, and their wealth. Whatever regards the safeguard of these five of imports serves public interest and is desirable. Al-Shatibi approves al-Ghazalis list and sequence, presentby indicating that they are the some preferable in terms of their harmony with essence of Shariah .Finally, Ibn Ashur provides a broader definition stating that Both its planetary rules and particularised proofs indicate that the all-purpose principle(maqsad amm) of Islamic legislation is to preserve the social recite of the community and overcompensate its healthy progress by promoting the hale-being and righ teousness ( salah ) of that which prevails in it, namely, the human species. The well-being and right of human beings consist of the soundness of their intellect, the righteousness of their deeds as well as the goodness of the things of the world whither they live that are put at their disposal.Maqasid al-Shariah An Over descry Maqasid al-Shariah calls for establishment of justice, elimination of unfairness and alleviation of privation. It endorses relationship and shared support inside the family and community in general. This has for awaycome a preservation of public interest (maslahah) as the most important objective of the Shariah. Shariah recognizes three areas which constitute well- being, namely, endorsing benefits (maslahah ) to people, educating individual and establishing justice. peerless of the objectives and the fundamental principle of the Shariah is endorsing benefits (maslahah) to the people. It is associated with people livelihood in this world and the Hereaft er Quranic verse and establish regular prayer for prayer restrains from shameful and below the belt deeds and remembrance of Allah is the greatest (thing In life) without doubt. and Allah knows the(Deeds) that ye do. ( Al-Quran , Al-Ankabut 45). Every verdict in Shariah appears with reasoning and with a purpose, which is to protective covering and protect public interests (maslahah ) in all aspects and segments of life.It should alike be observed that in specific do emergence of arguments between endorsement of benefit and shunning of evil arise. If none appears to be preferable, then avoidance of evil takes precedence over the recognition of benefit. Educating individuals is an essential objective of Shariah, too. Education encourages people with faith and Taqwa (consciousness of Allah s. w. t. ) in order to accomplish public objectives. A truthful and moral soul stick out emerge as representative of others and bearer of the ruling of Shariah related to ibadah , muamalah a nd jinayah.Lastly, one of the objectives of the Shariah is to maintain the standards of justice (adl ). It moldiness be found on creation of equilibrium which accomplishes rights and responsibilities on one side, and abolishes unfairness and inequality on the other. It must adopt both individual and social justice, regardless whether it is a case of friend or foe, Muslim or non-Muslim, personal or public. Illicit behaviors and wrongdoings are disapproved and punished in order to avoid injustice as it is undesirable and contradictory with the philosophy of Quran and the Maqasid al-Shariah.IDENTIFICATION OF THE MAQASID As already indicated the ulema excite differed in their approach to the appellative of the maqasid. The first approach to be creased is the purely textualist approach, which confines the identification of the maqasid to the clear text, the commands and banishments, which are in themselves the carriers of the maqasid. The maqasid, harmonise to this view, nourish no separate existence as such. Provided that a command or prohibition is tasrihi ( pellucid) and ibtidai (normative) it in itself conveys the maqsud of the lawmaker.Although it is generally accepted that textual injunctions must be respected and observed as manifestations of the intentions of the Lawgiver, the majority approach to the identification of the maqasid takes into consideration not exactly the text but overly the underlying illah or rationale of the text. 10 The chief exponent of Al-Maqasid, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Shatibi , spoke affirmatively of the need to respect and observe the explicit injunctions, but added, that adherence to the obvious text must not be so rigid as to alienate the rationale and purpose of the text from its course and sentences.Such rigidity could, of course, then be just as much contrary to the maqsud of the Lawgiver as would be in the case of a conscious and show neglect of that law. The preferred approach then is to read the text, whether it is of a command or a prohibition, in conjunction with its rationale and objective, for this is most belike to bear the greatest harmony with the intention of the Lawgiver. 11 Al- Shatibi flesh out that the maqasid that are known from such a comprehensive exercise of the text are of both types, asliyyah ( essential) and tabiyyah (secondary).The former are the essential maqasid, or the daruriyyah, which the mukallaf must observe and protect regardless of his personal predilections, whereas the last mentioned, the appurtenant maqasid, or the hajiyyat, are those regarding which the mukallaf has some flexibility and choice. The comprehensive approach to the textual injunctions of the Shariah has given rise to two important minds. Firstly, the question that seeks to establish whether the means to a command, a wajib (obligation) or a haram (prohibition), should also be seen as integral to the goal and objective that is sought by that command.The general response given to this question is that supplementary aspects of commands and prohibitions are indeed integral to their objectives. Thus, it is generally accepted that whatever might be undeniable for the completion of a wajib is also a part of that wajib, and that whatever may lead to a haram is also haram. There has, however, been some disagreement on this, emerging from certain areas of detail. The second question concerns the silence of the Lawgiver in respect of certain conducts, especially where a general interlingual rendition of the relevant evidence casts lessen on the value of that conduct.The question may be formulated as follows We know that the maqasid can be known from clear injunctions, but can they also be known from a general reading of the nusus (clear textual rulings) by way of induction? Al-Shatibis response to this question is possibly the most passe-partout. summon 5 of 7 Istiqra (induction), according to al-Shatibi, is one of the most important methods for identifying the maqasid of th e Shariah. There may be assorted textual references to a subject, none of which may be in the nature of a decisive injunction.Yet their corporal weight is such that it leaves little doubt as to the meaning that is to be obtained from them. A decisive decisiveness may thus be arrived at from a plurality of inclining expressions. Al-Shatibi illustrates this with an important example. Nowhere in the Quran is thither a specific declaration to the effect that the Shariah has been enacted for the benefit of the people, and yet, this must be the definitive end that is to be drawn from the collective reading of a variety of textual proclamations. 12 To illustrate the imply save we may give two more examples.There is no specific declaration in the textual sources on the classification of the maqasid into the three categories of daruriyyah, hajiyyah and tahsiniyyah or on the conclusion that the Lawgiver has intended that these maqasid must be protected and yet, through and through and t hrough istiqra, this classification and conclusion has generally been accepted by the ulema. Again, there is no specific textual declaration espousing the claim that the protection of the five values of life, intellect, faith, lineage and comme il fautty is of the most primary importance to the Shariah but once again, through istiqra, this has also been generally accepted by the ulema.It is also to be noted that the inductive method is not confined to the identification of maqasid-cum-masalih alone, but extends to commands and prohibitions. 15 Conclusions arrived at through istiqra, such as those in the above paragraph, are of great overall importance to the understanding and murder of the Shariah. They are not to be seen as being subject to doubt or lacking in credibility by way of being based on speculative reasoning. 14 In fact, al-Shatibis own position on this was to go so far as saying that the conclusions and positions established through istiqra are he general premises and overriding objectives of the Shariah, over and above the level of the specific rules. Al-Shatibis approach to the method of induction is reminiscent of knowledge that is acquired of the personality and character of an individual through a sustained association and observation of conduct of that individual. This kind of knowledge is broad and holistic as it is enriched with insight, and is likely to be more re likely compared to, say, knowledge based only on the observation of odd and marooned incidents in the daily activities of that individual.AL-MAQASID AND IJTIHAD Having expounded his theory of Al-Maqasid, al-Shatibi advocated and accentuated the need for knowledge of the science of Al-Maqasid as a prerequisite to the achievement of the rank of a mujtahid (jurist). Throughout Muslim history, those who neglected acquiring mastery over the science of Al-Maqasid did so at their own peril, as it made them liable to error in ijtihad. Included amongst these were the ahl al-bida (the proponents of pernicious innovations), who only looked at the apparent text of the Quran without pondering over its ultimate aims and objectives.These innovators (an allusion to the Kharijites) held steadfastly to the literal text of purge the mutashabihah (the intricate segments of the Quran) and premised mevery conclusions on them. They took a fragmented and atomistic approach to the reading of the Quran, which failed to tie up the relevant parts of the text unitedly. The leading ulema adopt, on the other hand, always viewed the Shariah as a unity, in which the detailed rules were to be read in the light of their broader premises and objectives. 6 Ibn Ashur, the author of another(prenominal) landmark work on Al-Maqasid, also stressed that knowledge of the science of Al-Maqasid was indispensable to ijtihad in all its manifestations. 1 Some ulema, who confined the scope of their ijtihad only to literal interpretations, found it possible, ibn Ashur observed, to project their pers onal opinions into the words of the text, but fell into error as they were out of touch with the general spirit and purpose of the environ evidence. We may illustrate this by reference to the differential views taken by the ulema with respect to whether the Zakah on commodities, such as wheat and dates, must be given in kind or could also be given in their pecuniary equivalent. The Hanafis validated the possibility of this substitution, but some ulema held otherwise. The Hanafi view was founded on the analysis that the purpose of Zakah was to carry through the needs of the pathetic, which could just as easily be achieved with the monetary equivalent of the commodity.Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah likewise observed that where the ahadith on the subject of sadaqah al-fitr (the charity due on the Eid after Ramadan) some terms referred to dates and at other times to raisins or food grains, the common purpose in all this was to satisfy the needs of the poor, which could be done with any of th ese staple foods of Madinah and its environs at that time. The purpose in any of these ahadith was not to confine the payment of the sadaqah to a particular commodity.A similar example relates to the issue of whether a person may pay his Zakat ahead of time, that is, prior to the expiry of the one year period when it becomes due, and whether he is liable to pay again if he has already paid before that time. Imam Malik, drawing an analogy with Salah, govern affirmatively that the person would be liable to pay again. Subsequent Maliki jurists, including Ibn al-Arabi and Ibn Rushd, however, disagreed with this position and ruled that early payment of Zakah was permissible.Indeed, if soul performs his Salah before its due time, he must perform it again at its proper time. But, there is a difference between Salah and Zakah, in that the former is time-bound to specific times but the latter is not in any such similar ways. Hence, Zakah may be paid earlier, especially if it is prepaid by o nly a few weeks. Scholars who have taken a non-literalist approach, on the other hand, have often been criticised for departing from certain parts of the textual sources.Imam Abu Hanifah, for example, was criticised by the Ahl al-Hadith (the Traditionalists), for having departed on occasions from the wordings of particular ahadith. It turns out upon closer inspection, however, that such scholars departed from the text only when they had reached a different conclusion by reading that particular text in the context of the of the other relevant evidence in the Quran and Sunnah. Disharmony and action between the aims and objectives of the Shariah and its specific rulings may arise latently.A mujtahid or a judge may issue a ruling or a decision which appears at that time to be consistent with the text and maqsud of the Shariah. With time and further scrutiny, however, it may prove to be not so consistent. A judge may, for example, uphold a duly signed contract and make it binding on the parties. With time, however, the contract may prove to be grossly unfair on one of the parties. In such an eventuality the judge or the mujtahid can hardly ignore the attendant unfairness and insist on the strict adherence to the letter of the contract.Indeed, according to the Shariah laws of obligations, a contract is no longer a governing tool between the shariah al-aqidayn (the contracting parties) if it becomes an instrument of injustice. The judge must therefore, in order to uphold the maqsud of justice, a primary and all-pervasive characteristic objective of the Shariah, qualify aside the contract. The judge or the mujtahid must, likewise, give priority to the maqasid whenever there is such a latent discord. These discords or conflicts are most likely to occur where the specific rulings have been arrived at through the doctrine of Qiyas (Analogy).Thus, where a rigid adherence to Qiyas may lead to unsatisfactory results, recourse may be had to Istihsan (Juristic Preference) in order to obtain an alternative ruling that is in greater harmony with the objectives of the Shariah. An important feature of the Maqasidi (objectives-based) approach in relation to ijtihad and the formulation of specific rules is the attention that the mujtahid must pay to the consequences of his rulings. Indeed, an ijtihad or fatwa would be deficient if it failed to contrive its own maalat (consequences).The importance of such contemplation is demonstrated by the Prophets Sunnah. Therein, we note instances where the Prophet paid much attention to the possible consequences of his rulings, often in preference to other considerations. Thus, for example, although sapiently aware of the treason and subversive activities of the Munafiqun (the Hypocrites), without and within the Muslim community, we find that he decided not to copy them, stating simply that I fear people might say that Muhammad kills his own Companions.Similarly, although he personally would have liked very much to accept and execute Aishah Siddiqahs suggestion to restore the Kabah to its original proportions, as founded by the patriarch Prophet, Ibrahim, again, we find that he decided not to, saying I would have done so if I didnt fear that this may induce our people into disbelief. In both these instances, therefore, the Prophet did not take what would have been thought to be the approach pattern course because of a foresight of the potential adverse consequences. Finally, we must turn to ijtihad in the context of crimes and penalties.Of course, the convening procedure here is to apply the punishment whenever the cause and occasion for it is present. There may, however, be instances where to pardon the offender would be a more preferable course to take. The mujtahid and the judge must remain open and alert to such possibilities and reflect them in their judgements whenever so required. Al-Shatibi has in this connection drawn a subtle distinction between the normal illah that invokes a part icular ruling in a given case and what he terms as illah tahqiq manat al-khas (the verification of the particular) in the issuance of ijtihad and judgement.The mujtahid (scholar) may investigate the normal illah and identify it in the case, for example, of a poor person who qualifies to be a recipient of zakah, but such an enquiry may take a different course when it is related to a particular individual as to what might seem allot or inappropriate to be applied in a particular case. The mujtahid needs therefore to be learned not only of the law and specific evidence but must also have acumen and insight to render judgements that are enlightened by both the overall consequences as well as the special circumstances of each case.CLASSIFICATION OF MAQASID AL SHARIAH Although there are different classifications of maqasid al-Shariah , Muslim cholarsgenerally classified them into three main categories daruriyyat (essentials), hajiyyat (needs)and tahsiniyyat (embellishments). The essenti als ( daruriyyat ) are particulars that are required and considered as vital for the founding of wellbeing in this world and the Hereafter. If family in some way neglects them, the outcome get out be anarchy together with disorder of the functionality of the society which will result in total collapse.The essential masalih (plural of maslahah) or daruriyyat are further divided into five (i) delivery of faith/religion (Din) (ii) Preservation of the life(afs) (iii) Preservation of lineage/descendents/procreation (asl ) (iv) Preservation of property ( Mal ) and (v) Preservation of intellect/reason (Aql ). The embracement of the mentioned values is obligatory to ensure normal functioning of society and welfare of individuals. It is an obligation of society and people to implement all necessary measures to prevent or conk all the barriers that will hinder the credit of these values.The Shariah constantly seeks to embrace and endorse these values and enhance procedures for their good continuation and progression. Furthermore, Islam as religion is greatly concerned with eradication of poverty and hardship of individuals and community, which is in consistency with the aims of Shariah. This is to ensure that people have prosperous life and that there will be no disruption to their normal life. The needs (hajiyyat ) serve as complementary to the essentials. Without the needs, people will face hardship.However, non-existence of the needs will not create complete disruption of the normal order of life as is the case with the essentials. Ibn Ashur defined the meaning of complementary necessities in the following manner It consists of what is needed by the community for the achievement of its interest and the proper functioning of its affairs. If it is neglected, the social order will not actually collapse but will not function well. Likewise, it is not on the level of what is indispensable (daruri ). The embellishments ( tahsiniyyat ) relate to matters which bestow en hancement in the societyand level to improved life.The admirable illustrations are Shariah s guidelines as clean body and attire for purpose of prayer, go charity and avoiding lavishness and recommendation of supererogatory prayers (ibadat ). The rationale of all these are the accomplishment of integrity and god in entire fields of a persons behavior. However, without these values the society will soothe be able to function and normal life process will not be interrupted. The illustrations of these matters are voluntary ( sadaqah),and ethical and moral rules, and others. MAQASID AL-SHARIAH AND Moslem FINANCEThe significance of the Maqasid al-Shariah in Islamic finance originates from the perspective of the wealth in Islamic law. This significance relates also to the objectives of the Islamic law in finance and byplay legal proceeding and to the overall goals of Shariah in wealth. The protection and preservation of the wealth is categorized in the sphere of necessary matters ( daruriyyat). In previous section it has been elaborated that essentials necessities are those which, without their preservation, there would be disorder and anarchy in society.The abolition of preservation for these matters would have for result loss of everything that we embrace as valued (Ibn Ashur, 2006). This characterization and classification of Maqasid al-Shariah demonstrates the most important position of the wealth and the substance of the finance in Islamic law. Therefore, it must be highlighted here that the finance is recognized by Maqasid al-Shariah as valuable aspect of life. Furthermore, the finance is preserved by Islamic law in form of Islamic lawful decisions and guidelines.It is essentially important to stress on the realization of Maqasid al-Shariah in the current Islamic finance transactions because of the several important reasons. First, there is a robust relationship between the objectives of Maqasid al-Shariah and the objectives of business transactions, as can be observed from the position of the wealth within Islamic law and Maqasid al-Shariah that requests the preservation of wealth in everyday business activities and the promotion of socially prudent activities.As a result, if objectives of Maqasid al-Shariah in business transactions are neglected, it may result in poverty and anarchy. Second, the business transactions in domestic and international trade should be based on the principles of Islamic law, and the fundamental objectives of Maqasid al-Shariah in finance and business shall be applied as core guidelines to implement all types of fiscal transactions. Third, the particular objectives of Maqasid al-Shariah in business transactions must have perpetuity and constant outlook of the linguistic universal objectives of Maqasid al-Shariah .Last but not the least, the regulations of business transactions should be within the rules and the requirements of Maqasid al-Shariah and Islamic law. In other words, Maqasid al-Shariah must administer and regulate the Shariah principle of the Islamic finance. CONCLUSION The purpose of every civilization is to promote peace, prosperity, and granting immunity for its own members and for all others through compassionate justice.The challenge for all of us therefore is how to do this. Hence, The One (Allah) Who creates knows, surely the One Who knows will speak. Since He will speak, surely He will speak to those who experience consciousness and thought, and those who will understand His speech. Since He will speak to those who possess thought, surely he will speak to mankind, whose nature and awareness are the most comprehensive of all conscious beings and indeed He has done by revealing the Quran.As much as we understand Maqasid al-Shariah which are undoubtedly rooted in the textual injunctions of the Quran and Sunnah, we will achieve the goal and purpose that is advocated and upheld. 1. MAQASID AL-SHARIAH IN ISLAMIC FINANCE AN OVERVIEW, by mirza vejzagic 2. AL-MAQASID AL-SHARIAH THE OBJECTIVES OF ISLAMIC LAW, Mohammed Hashim Kamali 3. Maqasid al Shariah Strategy to Rehabilitate Religion in America by Dr. Robert D. Crane 4. The Collection of Risale-i Nur, The earn by Said Nursi

Communication in Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communication in economics - Essay Examplehased in by internet and there new governmental entities such as the City of Tucson City Council trying to impose similar gross sales imposition to raised their revenues. This paper provides an summary of the pros and cons on the internet sales tax controversy.The government always wants to get their hands in all revenue generating scheme at any cost. The base by which critics refuse to recognize the right of a city such as Tucson to impose city tax sales is that most of the transactions be occurring outside their regional jurisdiction. If an online store is located in Toronto, Canada how does a government official justify that they fork out the right of collecting a sales tax from a Tucson citizen for purchasing good from that store. It is an outrageous exact by these city officials that such a transaction is legitimate. That is the as saying that a resident that goes to Canada on a tourism leisure trip should pay taxes to the cities on the bargain for they make during their vacation. The timing and tiny location of where the transaction took place is also an argument against the bureaucrats illogical idea. If the resident of Tucson goes outside the city borders with their laptop computer and makes a purchase in an online store in a different city there is not way that Tucson would be eligible for a sales tax since the person was not in Tucson when the purchase was made. Their sales taxing system if approved would attempt and successful collect the tax due to the conveyance address in Tucson which since the information taxing system does not differentiate between transactions since it is unaccepted to know where the actual took place when dealing with a virtual transaction.Governmental officials and lobbyist for taxing internet sales have a different perspective on the issue. To them not taxing internet sales is a discriminatory take against local merchants which are obligated to charge people sales tax, a move which raises the price of the items purchased. The merchants with