Iodine 131 properties and usages in Brachytherapy Essay

tincture of iodine 131 properties and usages in Brachytherapy - Essay ExampleIn the testing of the thyroid gland and its functioning, iodine absorption by the cells makes use of iodine 131.Iodine 131 has certain chemical properties. It is a non-metallic, purplish-black crystalline solid. In a process known as sublimation, it can change its state from a solid to a gas directly, without changing into the liquid state. At room temperature it sublimes into a deep violet vaporisation which irritates the eyes, nose and throat. Iodine 131 dissolves in water or alcohol fairly soft and melts at 236F. Since it does not remain in its pure state when released, it is loosely found as a compound because of its capacity to bind with other elements. In medical treatment, Iodine 131 capsules contain I-131 sodium iodide granules specially produced to be easily swallowed by the patient. The liquid form of Iodine 131 is a clear liquid and is used to diagnose and treat thyroid problems.When a person is exposed externally to large quantities of iodine 131 it can cause burning of the eyes and skin. Internally, the thyroid gland is affected. This gland utilizes iodine to produce thyroid hormones but is unable to differentiate between radioactive iodine and the more stable iodine. Precautions must be taken when using Iodine 131 as there are subtle onus of gamma radiation, the maximum energy being 0.723 MeV (Bentel p.537). Iodine 131 is administered orally in doses of 100 mCi for thyroid malignancy. Lower doses of 1 to 3 mCi are given for diagnostic reasons. The impression rate constant for iodine 131 = 2.2 (R/mCi-hr at 1 cm). Also known as Gamma Factor, exposure rate constant is the exposure rate at a certain distance from a quantity of photon-emitting radionuclide. This constant is commonly used for radiation protection reasons. The following equation calculates the exposure time t at a distance r from the patient. D(t) = (34.6 Q0 Tp (1 - e -0.693t/Tp )) / r2. Here D(t) is the a ccumulated exposure at time t (in roentgens). 34.6 is the conversion factor of 24hours / day propagation the total integration of decay (1.44). is the specific gamma ray constant for a head up source, R/mCi-hr at 1cm. Q0 is the initial activity in millicuries of the point source at release time. Tp is the half-life in days. r is the distance from the point source to the subject in centimetres and t is the exposure time in days.In the environment, radioactive fallout can cause high concentrations of Iodine 131 which may be absorbed by the body and harm the thyroid gland. To counter the harmful absorption of radioactive iodine, the intake of higher doses of iodine supplements raises the overall quantity of iodine in the body which does not necessitate the absorption and retention in body tissues thereby lessening the assimilation of radioactive iodine. One historical use of iodine supplements was after the Chernobyl disaster where enormous quantities of radioactive material was rele ased. Iodine supplements protected the population in the vicinity of the disaster from absorbing radioactive iodine.It has been found that with exposure to iodine 131, the risk of thyroid cancer increases but redden among those exposed to iodine 131, not many develop thyroid cancer. The highest exposure people received was during the nuclear test explosions in the 1940s. Although iodine 131 settled on leafy vegetables and fruits, people received

Negotiation, Listening and Responding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Negotiation, Listening and Responding - Essay ExampleFirst, I would like to take this credit of bringing up a valid point. Although the table service coach did not really grant my wish, yet I feel relieved to gestate said what I wanted to say. Had I not said it all, it would have pinched me from inside and my productivity would have been affected for the worse. By principle, I should not have been scheduled to cover a route on atomic number 90 since it was not in my territory. In response to this, the service theater director also brought up a very valid and reasonable point that routes in my district were being covered by the skippers which was something that did not happen in other districts. Parts of the negotiation that employed ineffective listening and speaking included the chance(a) noise of the passing trolleys outside the service directors office which disrupted the conversation. The goal of communication between a sender and a receiver is understanding of the messag e being sent. Anything that interferes with this can be referred to as noise (intstudentsup.org, 2013). Our conversation was frequently disturbed by a call from the GM and from the service managers to the service director. The service director also seemed to be in a hurry probably because the GM had assigned him some urgent task. After the obtainment of message through the optical and auditory channels, it is important to attend to it inside the working memory which can be achieved by focusing on the visual and auditory stimuli (Wolvin, 2012, p. 2).... 2). I believe that his understanding was being impaired by the phone calls. However, I was a bit nervous because the service director was frequently senior to me not only in rank but also in age. I was the age of his child. My immaturity of age compared to his might have make him feel as if I was having that problem because of lack of my understanding of the gravity of matters. I did not do right by only ideateing in my mind that th ings would be the same as they were before. I had presumed that the service director had decided already and would not reconsider my request that was wrong. I should have believed as a successful negotiator that both of us were trying to reach an agreement (Guasco and Robinson, 2007, p. 4). One alternative way to conduct this conversation in a manner that would enhance the understanding of the matter for both of us and facilitate effective listening and speaking would be sending an email to the service director discussing the whole problem, and getting a reply from him via an email. The advantage of this alternative would be that he would consider my problem thoroughly in free time and think over it deeply before making me a reply. Another advantage would be that I would say everything I wanted to in the email without retention any thoughts to myself. Another alternative way would be first discussing the issue with the service manager and ask him to convey it to the service directo r. The advantage of this would be that I would be conveying my message through a proper channel i.e. via service manager. Secondly, since the service manager and the service director are age-fellows, their conversation would not be impaired by

Managing for results Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Managing for results - Essay ExampleThe present day mangers believe in acting as a guide cum drawing card for the employees they not just assist the subordinates to perform their task but also help them to move ahead in the career. Therefore, the managers must keep themselves updated with the activities taking air within the organisation. Apart from the internal factors, they also have to understand the external environment that is the economic condition, the government policies in the local as well as in other nations, changes taking place in customers behaviour and technology. The growing competition in the business sector demands high phase of efficiency from the managers thus the company also motivates the mangers to update themselves by participating in different trainings sessions (seminars, conferences and off-job training). In the given project at first consumption of the manager in the prevailing globalised world will be discussed. Later on, different approaches will be d iscussed that needs to be followed by the managers in achieving the organisational goal. virtually real life examples will also be drawn to further explain different approaches followed by the managers in their organisations. ... Figure The Managerial Grid by Blake & Mouton Source Egner, 2009, p.10 According to Blake & Mouton, the managers post can be measured on basis of two distinct factors. These are meet for people and concern for production. Generally, the functional mangers (floor managers) are more concerned about the production whereas the top level managers who have to manage group of highly cost-effective and self sufficient subordinates are more concerned about the people. The managers who are neither concerned about the people nor about the productions are considered as the inefficient one. Similarly, the one who is high in both the factors is the most effective one. Such a manager maintain close association with the subordinates and assist them to develop themselve s (Miller, 2008, p.46-47). The attitude followed by the manager is influences by several factors. These can be summarised as the organisational culture, the leadership style of the top management, the nature of the subordinates, the social norms of the society were the organisation is direct and finally the personality of the manager. Therefore, all these factors should be taken into consideration by the manager to modify his or her attitude so that organisational goal can be achieved. Role of a manager in the organisation In general, the role of a manger comprises of planning, organising, scheduling, and assisting the employees to accompany their task and evaluating the operations (Rothwell, 2001, p.7). All of these functions are instead essential and managers have to be careful while conducting them. The process of management starts with planning. At first the manager has to analyse the external as well as internal environment and then a plan should be developed that will guide the subordinates in

Construction Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Construction Law - Essay ExampleIn this case, the techy arrived on time, but lay in the letterbox, therefore it was deemed to be a valid offer.A unilateral press out would turn into a bilateral learn through a valid acceptance, signified by a performance of the stipulated terms within the offer. According to I.M. Wormser, the justification for fixing acceptance to a unilateral contract upon completed performance of the stipulated terms is based upon symmetry3. Therefore in terms of the tender, there is no engagement upon the offerer, neither is there any obligation upon the offeree unless and until the stipulated terms of the offer have been completed. An offeree need not perform the stipulated terms, in which case no contract exists. Therefore, the initial tender was sent to Widget by Dig-it Builders but when true by Widget, did not yet constitute a formal contract because Dig-it sent a counter offer and when it was not accepted within the stipulated time period, they sent the fax withdrawing their offer. However the original term of the tender is 60 days so the tender still remains open, since moreover one party has withdrawn the offer. The mail indicating acceptance by Widget was posted by the architect on the same day, and the courts have deemed acceptance when a letter is posted4. However it is received on the subsequent day (the 35th) day of the tender. Therefore, this will still be subject to the general rule regarding acceptance, which is the requirement of real(a) communication5. No legal commitment will be deemed to exist until the acceptance of the offer is communicated to the offerer and up to that point, either party is free to change their minds.6 However, Dig-its fax will be construed to be a counter offer in the sense that it is a withdrawal of the original offer, which no longer exists. nevertheless the tender is not yet closed because Dig-it has made a counter offer reducing the price, although this will still not be a contract until acceptance is obtained

GBM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

GBM - Essay ExampleWhat is known is the expected value to the diffusion of Brownian motion at snip =2. Therefore, the centre of the distribution is known, i.e. what the expected value of the distribution is and this will be the expected value of W2= 0. It will always be zero, regardless of what point in time we horizon the Brownian motion. The expectation of Brownian motion at all points on a plain at any time is 0 as per proportion one. Not exclusively will the expected value at any time be 0, but also normally distributed. The peak of the normal distribution is centred at 0, convey that the Brownian motion will be distributed as a normal variable with expected value 0 and variance t.Property three relates to the concept of property number two, i.e. the Brownian motion increment, which is the difference between the two Brownian motions (Wt - Ws). Therefore, the difference between the two Brownian motions is also normally distributed and the variance of the Brownian motion inc rements (Wt - Ws) is (t-s), where t stands for time and s stands for a point in time which differs from t. (t - s) is the difference in two time periods between measurements of our Brownian motion. Consequently, looking at the Brownian motion at two unlike points in time, the expected increment , the expectation of the difference of these two Brownian motions ( E Wt - Ws)=0 and the variance of this difference ( Var Wt-Ws) = t-s. It emerges that the variance is proportional to time.Other properties of Brownian motion state that the process Wt has stationary and independent increments. What does it mean to say that the Brownian motion has stationary increments? Looking at an example of a Brownian motion at time = 0 (W0) and the same Brownian motion at time = 1 (W1) and then looking at a graph of our Brownian motion , it moves the Brownian motion increment get along in time by a constant amount (a). This will be W0+a and W1+a and what this means is that

South Asia Region Essay Example for Free

south Asia Region Essay southeast Asia, which consists of the nations of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, is ethnically diverse, with more than 2,000 ethnic entities with existences ranging from hundreds of millions to nonaged tribal groups. South Asia has been invaded and settled by some ethnic groups over the centuries including various Dravidian, Indo-Aryan and Iranian groups and amalgamation of Dravidian, Indo-Aryan and native societies has produced composite cultures with many common traditions and beliefs. But, the traditions of different ethnic groups in South Asia hurt diverged throughout earlier times, sometimes giving rise to strong local traditions such as the distinct South Indian culture. Other ethnic groups, successively streaming in later mainly from Central Asia and Iran, e.g. Sakas, Kushans, Huns etc. influenced pre-existing South Asiatic cultures. Among the last of these new arrivals were the Arabs followed by the Turk s, the Pashtuns and the Moghuls. However, Arab influence remained relatively limited in comparison to that of the Turks, Pashtuns and Moghuls, who brought in much pagan influence and contri moreovered to the birth of Urdu, a syncretistic language of combined Indo-Persian heritage, which is widely spoken today. Ethnic Englishmen and other Britons are now practically absent by and by their two centuries long colonial presence, although they have left an imprint of western culture in the elite society.LanguagesSee also Languages of South AsiaThe largest spoken language in this region is now Hindoostn, its speakers numbering almost 422 million75 the guerrilla largest spoken language is Bengali, with about 210 million speakers.76 Urdu is also a major language spoken in the subcontinent, in particular in Pakistan and India, and is similar linguistically to Hindi Hindi and Urdu together make up Hindustn. Although Hindi is spoken in some states of India, many great deal are not aware of the fact that most of the Indians speak local languages and are not familiar with Hindi. Other languages of this region fall into a fewer major linguistic groups the Dravidian languages and the Indo-Aryan languages, a sub-branch of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages.The other great sub-branch of Indo-Iranian, the Iranian languages, also have significant minority representation in South Asia, with Pashto and Balochi being widely spoken along the northwestern fringes of the region, in modern-day Pakistan. Many Tibeto-Burman ethnic groups, who are speakers of their language-group, are found in northeast India, Tibet, Nepal, and Bhutan. Other small groups, speaking Austro-Asiatic languages, are also present in South Asia. English is another language which dominates South Asia, especially as a medium of advanced education and government administration.Most of South Asia writes using various abugidas of Brhm origin while languages such as Urdu, Pashto, and Sindhi use derivatives of the Perso-Arabic script. Not all languages in South Asia follow this strict dichotomy though. For example, Kashmiri is written in both the Perso-Arabic script and in the Devanagari script. The selfsame(prenominal) can be said for Punjabi, which is written in both Shahmukhi and Gurmukh. Dhivehi is written in a script called Tna that shows characteristics of both the Arabic first principle and of an abugida.ReligionsFurther information Religion in Bangladesh, Religion in Bhutan, Religion in India, Religion in Nepal, Religion in Pakistan, and Religion in Sri LankaHindu priest saluting the sun in the Ganges, Varanasi, India Jama Masjid, the main mosque in Delhi, India.About 64% of the South Asia population is Hindu, 33% is Muslim, 2% is Buddhist and 1% is Christians.74In South Asia Hinduism and Islam and in some of its countries Buddhism are the plethoric moralitys. Other Indian religions and Christianity are practiced by significant number of people.Historically, fusion of Indo-Aryan Vedic religion with native South Asian non-Vedic Shramana traditions and other Dravidian and local tribal beliefs gave rise to the ancient religions of Hinduism and Jainism. As a consequence, these two religions share many similar cultural practices, festivals and traditions.Arabs brought the Abrahamic religion of Islam to South Asia, first in the present day Kerala, Sri Lanka and the Maldive Islands and later in Sindh, Balochistan and much of Punjab. Subsequently, Muslim Turks/Pashtuns/Moghuls furthered it not only among the Punjabi and Kashmiri people but also throughout the Indo-Gangetic plains and farther east, and deep south up to the Deccan.Afghanistan1Islam (99%), Hinduism, Sikhism and Christianity (1%) Bangladesh77Islam (89.5%), Hinduism (9.5%), Buddhism (0.7%), Christianity (0.3%) British Indian Ocean Territory78Christianity (45.55%), Hinduism (38.55%), Islam (9.25%), Others (6.65%) Bhutan79Buddhism (75%), Hinduism (25%)Burma80Theravada Buddhism (89%), Islam (4%), Christianity (Baptist and Roman Catholic) (4%), Animism (1%), Others (including Hinduism) (2%) India7981Hinduism (80.5%), Islam (13.4%), Christianity (2.3%), Sikhism (1.9%), Buddhism (0.8%), Jainism (0.4%), Others (0.6%) Maldives82Sunni Islam (100%) (One must be a Sunni Muslim to be a citizen on the Maldives8384) Nepal85Hinduism (80.6%), Buddhism (10.7%), Islam (4.2%), Kirat (1.5%) Pakistan86Islam (96.28%), Hinduism (1.85%), Christianity (1.59%), Ahmaddiyya (0.22%) Sri Lanka87Theravada Buddhism (70.19%), Hinduism (12.61%), ), Islam (9.71%), Christianity ( 7.45%).EconomyFurther information Economy of Bangladesh, Economy of India, Economy of Nepal, Economy of Pakistan, and Economy of Sri LankaSouth Asia is the poorest region on the earth after Sub-Saharan Africa. Three South Asian nations Bangladesh, Bhutan and Nepal are characterized as least developed country. Poverty is commonly spread within this region. According to the poverty information of World Bank, more than 40% of the population in the region lived on less than the International Poverty Line of $1.25 per day in 2005, compared to 50% of the population in Sub-Saharan Africa.88Sri Lanka has the higher(prenominal)est GDP per capita in the region, while Afghanistan has the lowest. India is the largest economy in the region (US$ 1.90 trillion) and makes up almost 82% of the South Asian economy it is the worlds eleventh largest in nominal terms and 3rd largest by purchasing power adjusted exchange rates. Pakistan has the next largest economy and the 5th highest GDP per capita in the region,89 followed by Bangladesh. According to a World Bank report in 2007, South Asia is the least integrated region in the world trade between South Asian states is only 2% of the regions combined GDP, compared to 20% in East Asia. The Economist has blamed this on Indian neglect of its neighbors.90 editGovernanceIndia91 and Pakistan9293 are the dominant political powers in the region. India is by far the larges t country in the area covering or so three-fourths the land area of the subcontinent.94 It also has the largest population of around three times the combined population of the 6 other countries in the subcontinent.95 India is also the most populous democracy in the world96 and is a nuclear power.The second largest country in the subcontinent in terms of area and population is Pakistan and has traditionally maintained the balance of power in the region due to its strategic relationships with close Arab states97 and neighboring China.98 Pakistan is the 6th99 most populous country in the world and is also a nuclear power. Bangladesh is the third largest populous country in the region. The single largest contributor to UN peacekeeping operations is Pakistan.100Diplomacy among the countries of South Asia has been mainly driven by populist politics, with the center stage taken by India-Pakistan conflict ever since their independence in 1947, and then the creation of Bangladesh infra tense circumstances in 1971. While the elite rulers of Pakistan chose the USA led bloc during the cold war era, India organize the Non-Aligned Movement.The political situation in Sri Lanka has been dominated by an increasingly assertive Sinhalese nationalism, and the emergence of a Tamil separatist movement under LTTE, which was stifled recently. Burmas politics is dominated by a military Junta, which has sidelined the democratic forces led by Aung San Suu Kyi. editHealth and nutritionThere are 421 million MPI-poor people in eight Indian states alone Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal while there are 410 million in the 26 poorest African countries combined.101 Roughly 42% of Indian children under age 5 suffer from malnutrition.102According to the World Bank, 70% of the South Asian population and about 75% of South Asias poor live in rural areas and most rely on agriculture for their livelihood.103 According to the Glob al Hunger Index, South Asia has one of the highest child malnutrition rates in the world.104 In a latest report published by UNICEF in 2008 on global hunger shows that the actual number of child deaths was around 2.1 million.105 As of 2008 India is ranked 66th on the global hunger index.citation neededThe 2006 report stated that the low status of women in South Asian countries and their lack of nutritional knowledge are important determinants of high prevalence of underweight children in the region. Corruption and the lack of initiative on the part of the government has been one of the major problems associated with nutrition in India. Illiteracy in villages has been found to be one of the major issues that need more government attention. The report mentioned that, although there has been a reduction in malnutrition due to the Green mutation in South Asia, there is concern that South Asia has inadequate feeding and caring practices for young children.106

Attacking currency trends how to anticipate and trade big moves in the forex market Essay Example for Free

Attacking currency trends how to anticipate and employment big moves in the forex market EssayTerrorism has been a great ch totallyenge to virtually all countries in the world. Though it is very challenging for two countries to come into a point of ending war against terror, at times accepting body politic may not be the solution. The term requirement refers to a thing that is required prior condition of something else to exist or happen. War against terrorism does not end beca mapping democracy demands. In the real world, war against terrorism ends when one side wins while the opposite side loses. However, democracy is not a requisite towards ending war against terror. In a free world, countries should not accept any form of government they tend to choose. Some forms of government much(prenominal) as dictatorial and Monarchical do not resemble a free world. Such governments do not allow people to participate in decision-making branch in regard to important matters affect ing their nation, and thus may contribute to terrorism. It is ironic for a free region to demand some others to be just corresponding them.Technological advancement has led to the change of business practices. The use of computers in the business premises has contributed to faster means of carrying out transactions, safer way of keeping records and thrift time. This is particularly in retrieving important documents. Documents atomic number 18 accurately stored which prevents loss of important documents that are used for future decision making and auditing among other benefits (Brown 2008). On the other hand, adoption of e-commerce has also changed the current business practices. It has contributed to an easier way of reaching customers across the globe without travelling, thus change magnitude sales that in turn lead to change magnitude profits. It is a confidential way of conducting business as communication is only between the buyer and the seller without the use of agents. It has both interdict and positive personal resolutions towards individual nation-states. Use of modern technology contributes towards economic growth as it leads to increase government revenue through taxation. It has also led to unemployment as use of computers and e-commerce in businesses has replaced large numbers of casual laborers.Global treaties should be adhered to by a member state without any compromise. Industrialization has been the dream of every country but has also contributed towards environmental degradation. Many treaties have been signed such as the Kyoto agreement of December 1997 with the aim of controlling emissions released to the environment such as greenhouse gases. The effectiveness of such treaties and their weaponation is solely achievable via unity among the true countries such as the U.S, thus U.S should assume a cooperative spot in such treaties.In most cases, the hero undergoes harsh situations in life which in turn makes their roles become uniq ue and different from others. She believes that even in cruel, harsh societies, courage will rise.Inorder for her to fight fear, courage has to rise under any circumstance. Harsh and cruel societies make heroes to be to a greater extent courageous, and thus this makes her believe that the courage will rise despite life challenges. For example, the late Nelson Madera from South Africa never allowed fear to dictate his actions despite the challenges he set about during the struggle for independence.The foreign exchange market is a decentralized global market dealing with trading of currencies (Michalowski 2011). The primary(prenominal) active players in this market are the larger national banks. It assists international investments and trade through enabling currency conversion. For instance, it permits a business from a country as United States to import goods from another(prenominal) country such as European Union member states. Especially in Eurozone members, the U.S business pay s in Euros even if its income is in United States Dollars. It also supports need evaluation and speculation relative to the currencies value, and the carry trade. It also speculates differences in interest rates between two currencies.Different factors precipitate a currencys volume. Many economists look that the strength of a countrys economy determines the strength of its currency, but the question remains why the British pounds are stronger than US dollars yet their strength of their economy is otherwise. Firstly, low rates of inflation in a country increase the nations value of currency as well as purchasing indicator in relation to other currencies.Secondly, interest rates that are directly correlated as when one increases the other factor increase. Relative strength of other currencies obviously affects the exchange rate of a countrys currency in the foreign exchange market. Capital mobility which is classified under three main categories which include external debts, fore ign direct investment and portfolio investment (Etwaroo et al. 2008). Political and economic factors used by investors when determining which countries to make investments that in turn confirm the countrys currency. Other factors include speculation and balance of trade.Trade barriers refer to government-included restrictions on international trade. These trade barriers can take different forms such as tariffs, non-tariff barriers to trade such as export licenses, import licenses, import quotas, voluntary export restraints, currency devaluation and trade restriction (Cohen 2010). Trade barriers are criticized for their effect on the developing countries. Trade barriers like taxes on food imports or farm inputs subsidies lead to overproduction and dumping on world markets by developed countries, hence hurting poor-country farmers and lowering prices of goods. Tariffs also tend to be anti-poor, with high rates of labor-intensive processed goods and low rates for raw commodities. Anot her negative aspect related to trade barriers is that it would lead to limited choice of production thus forcing customers to accept inferior quality at higher prices.Almost all world countries have been experiencing strikes and labor unions revolts. Negotiations towards solving such problems have at times failed as different companies opt to find other alternatives rather than increasing salaries. The current wage rate in the United States and increased cost of living perhaps have been affecting production rate of different companies. If the rule wage rate and increasing cost of living continue, production rates continue to be pushed out which may affect the economic growth rate.As discussed above, different economic factors affect the strength of a countrys currency. Of late, European countries especially those in Euro zones have been experiencing political unrest, price fluctuations, inflation, loss of market, and increased cost of living among other economic upheavals. These ch allenges may cause the collapse of Euro. This may make the US dollar stronger compared to Euro if America avoids such economic crises and implement strategies of strengthening the currency.ReferencesBrown, R. (2008). Lasers, tools of modern technology. Garden City, N.Y. Doubleday.Burke, C. S., Pierce, L. G., Salas, E. (2009). Understanding adaptability a prerequisite for effective performance within complex environments. Amsterdam Elsevier JAI.Cohen, R. B., Ferguson, R. W. (2010). Nontariff barriers to high-technology trade. Boulder, Colo. Westview Press.Michalowski, G. (2011). Attacking currency trends how to anticipate and trade big moves in the forex market. Hoboken, N.J. Wiley.Source document