Hamas: History, Funding and Interventions

Hamas History, Funding and InterventionsHamasHamas is a Palestinian terrorist brass section which chief(prenominal)ly consists of Moslem paramilitary forces. The name Hamas , means Islamic Resistance Movement. This Palestinian Islamic chemical group was formed route back in 1987 as a number of the Israeli taking up most of the tungsten cant or Gaza strip. The militant group was founded by Sheikh Ahmed Yassin. He was of Egypt origin and was potently entertain by more charitable organizations and new(prenominal) mixer institutions. The Palestinian militants who argon mostly Islamic affiliates, was t presentfore formed with the main aim of driving Israelis stunned of the westside Bank.This was hence achieved through massive rocket attacks launched by the Hamas on the Israeli civilians as well as those who occupied the Gaza strip on the West Bank to get the Israeli moving back to Israel. The long-term goal of the Hamas has therefore been to establish strong Islamic states on all Palestinian territories that predominantly belonged to Palestine. The Hamas mainly fight for the restoration of Palestinians past rights. The groups leader was at one time quoted for stating that the military operations of the group would cease once Palestinian historic rights were restored (Levitt Ross, 2007).Most scholars believe that Hamas is a socio-political organization. Hamas mainly occupy the Gaza side of Palestine. Therefore, the Hamas ar mainly located in the Gaza strip on the Palestinian side where they win a studyity of the parliamentary seats.Hamas is found on a solid document which by all means mimics terrorist tactics and lifestyle. The original document that binds the Hamas strongly condemns the Israeli and declares war on them. The group is however non poised towards the destruction of Israelites alone. It is also concerned with the social wellbeing of the Palestinians.Prior to the formation of the Hamas group, the Israeli government subjected the gr oup to thorough economic sanctions. Diplomatic sanctions were also rife in the new organization. This almost grounded most of their operations at the initial stages in front they gained foot and became independent.There are two main branches deep down the group. The first is concerned with the social programs which have seen the construction of many schools, mosques and hospitals. Many of the schools within the Palestinian territories are built by the Hamas. The Hamas croak in cohorts with the Moslems governments to provide the social amenities to its people. Many suggest that this has indeed impacted on the image of the organization and presented it as a positive organization, save for the destruction of Israel that it commits its members to.The second branch of the Hamas organization is concerned with the military operations. This is carried issue below the surface and is led by Izz al-Din Qassam Brigades. This second branch was created in 1992. In addition, the militant gro up of Hamas operates independently and at quantify contradicts their own Hamas policies. The military evention of the Hamas at most times gives the group a dark image since many researchers have associated the group with destruction and murder. It is important that we under(a)stand the many faces of Hamas to appreciate their role in the Muslim world. Hamas is thus against any Israeli invasion of historically Palestinian territories.They are however the main cause of participation in the Gaza strip. Understanding the genesis of the conflict is key to knowing how the Hamas operate and coordinate.Who funds the Hamas ?The Hamas obtains most of its cash from its supporters, who are mainly Palestinians and Arabs in different countries. They send money to support the military and social programs of the group. According to Milton-Edwards and Farrell (2010), the Hamas also get financial aids from the Muslim states who are enemies of the Israelis. These states buy arms and send the shipme nt to the Gaza strip to sustain the military operations of Hamas within the area.There have been efforts to try and block the accounts of the Hamas group, but all have been futile. Researchers confess that as long as Hamas receives support from the Muslim world, it is highly unlikely for the group to cease its operations within the West Bank. Although many of their supporters deny having any links with the terrorist group, it is evident that the Hamas have more friends and supporters than enemies. If anything, it is only the Israelis who are enemies of this militant group and this is the reason for their existence.The biggest supporter of the Hamas group is Saudi Arabia which contributes up to 50% of the groups pays (Hroub, 2006). Mishal and Sela (2000) estimate that the annual budget of the militant terrorist group is approximately, 70 million US dollars this is a large budget which requires the support of several outside fronts to be able to meet it. Most of This money goes towar ds supporting schools, hospitals and unearthly organizations that are predominantly Muslim based.Moreover, many of the Islamic charity organizations support the Hamas and contribute immensely towards their large budget. Iran is also known to fund the Hamas budget though only to a small proportion. There are also several other Arab states that fund the groups operations since most if not all the Arab states are anti-Israel. occult charities continuously support the groups operations in the West Bank. These social institutions have supported Hamas for decades as a result of the groups affiliation to construction and development projects such as building schools, hospitals and religious organizations and institutions.Are they a threat to the U.S?The US supports Israel with massive proportions. The US support for Israel has never been concealed. On the other hand, the Hamas are enemies of the Israelis. This makes the raft complete the US is therefore at threat of the Hamas. A keen l ook at the policies of the Hamas reveals that the Hamas group mainly fights Israeli forces that have occupied sites that are historically Palestine territory.According to Rosaler (2003), recent attacks on the US, including the 9/11 terrorist attacks were mainly propagated by forced believed to be of Hamas origin, the Al-Qaeda. The Hamas are closely linked to the Al-Qaeda, the main terrorist cell which makes the US shiver.The US directive to ban Hamas from accessing Jordan in 1999 sparked enmity and brutal underground war within the West Bank region. This action model US on the spot as a potential target. Furthermore, it is also evident that the US supports 100% of all Israeli military operations against the Hamas terrorist cell. The US often fights such distant war in the guise of ending terrorism. As such, the US invasion of Iraq had a hidden agenda. One of the reasons was to fight terrorist cells within the region which extended to the Hamas territories. The other reason which ha s often been largely contradicted is that the US has vested interests in the oil deposits within the region.Critics argue that the US is indeed putting its question into a bee hole by supporting the Israelis. The amount of support that Hamas has amassed from the Arab world is astonishing. It is only a matter of time before the group grows into other major branches and wedges continuous terrorist attacks on the Israelis and their formidable allies, the US.Tactics employed by the HamasThe Hamas has adopted several tactics that it uses to fight their wars. One of these tactics is through using children as human shields. This has been condemned by the Human Rights organizations worldwide. Israel claims to be in possession of a video footage showing the Hamas using children as human shield. In a res publica where there is no law, this kind of action cannot be efficaciously punished. Hamas continue to use this tactic to date while fighting their wars against the Israeli and its allies within the West Bank.Young children are often taught at an early age to hate the Israelites and declare war against them. These children are later used to fight in wars with Israeli forces. Most of the children who are used are normally given specific targets which they would walk to and blow up. For instance, in 2002, a child walked into a convoy of Israeli soldiers and blew himself up killing the entire group of soldiers. This sparked a series of attacks on the Hamas within the Gaza miscue.Moreover, the Hamas also use children combatants during war. This has also been largely condemned owing to the fact that children are not to be used at war. The children combatants are recruited through the Hamas website for children, the Al Fateh (Tamimi, 2007). Children combatants are revered for their skill and innocence at war, making them trustful soldiers who kill with impunity. The children combatants are often trained by the Hamas groups in institutions established for this purpose. Th ey are viewed as patriots and are hence given specific targets where they would launch attacks on civilians on a regular basis.Tamimi (2007) insinuates that Israeli forces within the West Bank have learnt their lessons not to trust children walking into their convoy. As such, any child draw near them is usually taken out immediately.The Hamas also wedge attacks on civilians of Israeli origin. This is a tactic that the group has used for many years now. It is mainly carried out by bombarding civilian dwellings in Israeli territories believed to be historically Palestinian territory. The Human Rights Watch has faulted Hamas for crimes against humans, by using children combatants and human shield and also for presentation civilian attacks. This tactic has left Hamas with more enemies than friends.Attacks on civilians include car bombs, roadside bombs in areas or roads frequented by the civilians of Israeli origin, among other terrorist-like attacks. Rockets are often sent at targeted Israeli buildings and civilian territories, a fact that has often sparked enmity between the Israeli allies and the Palestinian Hamas affiliates.Guerilla state of war is perhaps the oldest tactic that Hamas continues to employ against Israeli forces within the West Bank. The Gaza Strip has been described as the home of guerilla tactics by the Hamas militant groups. It is here that many of the Israeli forces have died as a result of the guerilla warfare.How dangerous is the group today?Hamas is closely linked with major terrorists and pose a great security department take a chance in the airspace and Israeli allied countries, such as the US.The group is also dangerous since it teaches children of Muslim origin to hate Israelis and the United States.The increasing number of suicide attacks within the Gaza Strip threatens to kill more innocent civilian in the coming future, hence the Hamas are dangerous.It is not clear when and where they will strike next. Their guerilla tactics ma kes them very dangerous.The terrorist attacks advanced by the Hamas threaten to stall economic developments within the West Bank region.Their proximity to civilians makes the group to be extremely dangerous as most of the casualty during wars wedged by them is innocent civilians.The group threatens regional peace at the Gaza Strip as well as the West Bank, hence making human life in these areas to be a challenge. The Hamas militant activities often leave many displaced away from their homes as they seek a safe haven.The group threatens international peace since its supporters offer a strong force against its enemies. The result may be two fronts facing each other, that is, the Israeli being supported by the United States and the Hamas being supported by the Arab nations such as Saudi Arabia. A World War may be brewing and waiting to happen.If left undeterred, the Hamas are likely to fight and displace the Israeli who have lived in the West Bank for years. This threatens the well be ing of the Israelis as they are exposed to being refugees.The Hamas group continues to develop underground cells which are a threat to the international security from the past terrorist activities witnessed.ConclusionThe Hamas is an Islamic Resistance Movement which fights to restore the historic Palestine territories. This group has been a formidable force within the West Bank and Gaza Strip for years. Its main activities have been military organization against the Israelites as well as building schools, clinics, religious institutions among other social institutions.The Hamas group was formed way back in 1987 under the leadership of the Egyptian brother, Sheikh Ahmed Yassin. It derives its financing from Arab countries such as Saudi Arabia and Iran. Private charity institutions also support and finance the activities of the Hamas. The Hamas have a policy book which they follow, although this is beginning to be sidelined as the group advances. The militant branch of the group is ma inly independent, managing its own affairs under Izz al-Din Qassam.Hamas therefore poses a serious threat to the security of the United States following several threats that the group has made against the United States for supporting the Israelis. The US on the other hand has remained vigil in its support of the Israeli forces in the West Bank region.Hamas use several dirty tactics to fight their wars including the use of children combatants. Children are also used as human shields during war, a fact that has been largely condemned by the Human Rights Watch dogs. Hamas also uses guerilla war tactics to effectively fight within the West Bank region against Israeli forces. Perhaps the worst tactic used by the Hamas is civilian attacks and suicide bombings which are uncontrolled in densely populated districts in the West Bank region. This has often led to the killings of hundreds of innocent civilians.The Hamas thus pose a great security risk owing to the groups affiliation to terrori st activities such as suicide attacks, roadside bombs among other terrorist characterized attacks. The Hamas has thus grown into a fully fledged terrorist group and no hourlong merely advocates for the restoration of the Palestine historic rights.RecommendationsStopping the activities of the Hamas group will indeed be an uphill task owing to the large support that the group has amassed in the recent past. The Hamas group receives most of its support from the Arab nations which are foes with Israelis. It would be impossible to suggest that the Hamas military operations would be stopped through persuade the Arab countries not to support the groups activities. What about the private charity organizations?The best way therefore to stop the Hamas from advancing would be to place international sanctions on countries that support Hamas. These sanctions should be aimed at crippling the countrys economy such that there is very little that the countries can do in terms of foreign trade. Int ernational sanctions would work perfectly against the supporters and allies of the Hamas by denying them trade opportunities.The other recommendation would be to perhaps get to the root of the groups leadership using intelligence and eliminating them one by one. This would cripple the groups organization and thus they cannot be able to wedge any war.ReferencesHroub, K. (2006). A New Hamas The Politics of a Resistance Movement. Washington Pluto Press.Levitt, M., Ross, D. (2007). Hamas Politics, Charity, and act of terrorism in the Service of Jihad. Edinburgh Yale University Press.Milton-Edwards, B., Farrell, S. (2010). Hamas The Islamic Resistance Movement.New York Polity.Mishal, S., Sela, A. (2000). The Palestinian Hamas vision, violence, and coexistence.Columbia Columbia University Press.Rosaler, M. (2003). Hamas Palestinian terrorists. Berlin The Rosen Publishing Group.Tamimi, A. (2007). Hamas a history from within. Sydney Olive Branch Press.

Rhetorical Analysis Of Tiger Woods Apology Media Essay

Rhetorical Analysis Of tiger timberland Apology Media EssayBy the time he issued his vindication speech Tiger woods had realized that his re gravelation was being tarnished by reports of adultery, domestic violence and unsportsmanlike behavior. He was right close towhat his fame drop because at the time of his apologia it had dropped from gondola cardinal five percent to thirty one-third percent. A positive reputation in the society is one of the most valuable assets that an individual provoke use up by actor of pop out his life. This is because it makes a person feel confident and feel that he is playing an important role of influencing a certain listening.He was also falling in disfavor with sponsor companies. Most of the consumer product companies like to retain their spokes-personnel as long as they be able to influence their customers to buy the sponsored products and services. In the year 2008, Tiger Woods pocketed $131 million dollars for he was a spokesperso n for great companies such(prenominal) as Nike and Gatorade. This value decreased during the first three months of his matrimonial controversy because by February 2010 he pocketed only $ 1 million dollars.This means that within 3 months of his marital controversy, he earned $31.8 million dollars as compared to three months in the year 2008. On February 19, 2010, Woods presented a public apology for his unsportsmanlike behavior to an extensive coverage by the media. In todays society, the praxis of apology is well established. As usual if a public figure is found in an embarrassing quandary that his signifi shtupce in public life is in jeopardy, he then needs to make a single speech evaluating the smirchs, to defend his intentions, and to remind the interview of his unioniseerly untarnished reputation and success, using close unvarying methods and strategies to do so. In his speech, it is evident that Woods had followed this procedure. Linkugal and Ware stated that the audience i n such a individualised mission appears to be substantially and completely contented by the personal responses of the accused. By mediated immediacy, in todays media, all the audience bears witness to personal playions of the celebrities. They usually feel like we cope the person in question.It was in late November 2009 when media reports all over the world approached to talk well-nigh the spear carriermarital affairs of Tiger woods, a renowned play player. In the consequent drama, Woods crashed his vehicle into a tree and a fire hydrant in an early morning incident. This is how the media speculation and furry about the accident in relation to his extra-marital affair grew in leaps. He later admitted the affairs but snubbed to give further comments saying that he regretted all his transgressions. He in that locationfore claimed that the situation was ultimately personal and was a family matter. It was from that time there emerged several news shows and pundits to comment on his mastery giving their opinions and criticisms.The Rhetorical land site in Woods ApologyWoods apology can be termed as a perfect apology despite of some flavors in his statement. To let with, he was reluctant to give any real explanation, but as an alternative, he talked in general terms concerning his irresponsible and selfish behavior. This can be regarded as important because the lack of an explanation left legion(predicate) people questioning whether he understood what actions were erroneous and why. He did not eve look up whether he agreed that those actions were wrong. In addition, throughout the apology statement, Woods comments inclined more towards bolstering. For instance he generated details about how his foundation has helped the society. Again, Woods attacked his accusers specially the media for pursuing him and his family.If we try to test genuineness in the apology speech we would find that Woods apology was not from the heart. This is because he read the a pology quite an than saying it from the heart. Reading means that the statement was not real. Some pundits complained that the way he read his comments indicated that he was not guileless. This is because if a person has to read speech, his persuasion goes, implying that he is not really feeling those countersignatures. Reading reinforces the whole belief that Woods apology was choreographed by his public relations people. In addition, he cover several facts in his apology. The fact that his apology was issued live meant that he had to make sure that he used the lay words to cover each point. We should aim ourselves this question Would it be bad to read an apology that seems scripted or to forget or mis-state something? I think either way made media to go on with their coverage on Woods.It is believed that a middle ground helped Tiger Woods to demonstrate his sincerity better. He read a short statement and then talked from heart. He never included so many points because it onl y took him 13 minute to deliver his apology. He later used his website and the social ne twainrks to run some of his points. In addition we cannot forget the role of media in its speculation about performance enhancing drugs. Another criticism of Woods apology is that it was not a normal press conference. This is for the reason that there were no questions and media cameras were limited. This means that his comments went unchallenged and the journalists were not able to explore a number of transgressions including the car crash. Woods defended himself by saying that further details needed not to be discussed in front of the press and they needed to be left out for him to discuss with his wife. deprivation of criticism brought up the issue of lack of third party participation.While Woods made an attempt to quell such inquiries by stating that the details were a personal matter for him and his wife to discuss, the criticism about the lack of questions brings up the issue of particip ationparticularly third-party participation. An extra notable criticism of this apology is the fact that it was tightly controlled. As stated earlier in the essay, no questions were allowed and cameras were limited. As far as these criticisms relate to prohibition of third party participation we cannot deny the significance of reason in apologetic rhetoric.Literature ReviewWhat is an apology?An apology can be defined as public speech that is produced whenever a high-flying person tries to indemnify his character after it has been damaged by his or her negative behavior. There appears to be differences between the branches of discussion in an apology. Even though rhetorical analysts put it in the forensic subdivision of rhetoric, when it comes to moral character issues, the rhetoric is defined into the domain of epideictic discourse. There is a great deal of blaming and praising that goes on in apologies.Models of apologiesIn this essay, there are various theories of apologies that can be broken down into various categories. In a sequential order they are quad analogousities by Rosenfield, four factors of apologetic strategies by Ware and Linkugal, apologia and Ryans kategoria. They shake off been combined and explored over the years by scholars. Rosenfields rhetorical model stated that there are four common similarities when people broadcast an apology a verbal attack on the critics, a sharp and short controversy, facts and data primed(p) on the speech and statements of apology that comprises of earlier statement. This surmisal does not apply to the apology that was made by Tiger Woods.The degree to which Woods repeated precedent statements is still open to debate, as is the magnitude of the criticism made by the media. Additionally, although he did counter-attack the media, there lacked any facts or data in the center of Woods rhetorical sandwich. Ware and Linkugals approach perceived apology as a combination of four groups of factors which are differ entiation, denial, transcendence and bolstering. Differentiation is the act of stating that the wrong act does not apply to the situation in a bid to separate the negative contents from the charge or to putting aside those negative issues. demurrer is the act of denying the wrong doing or denying any intention to do wrong. Bolstering is the tendency of the speaker to identify with something that is favored by the audience. Finally, transcendence is the tendency of saying that the charge should not be viewed as a big issue. When evaluating the rhetoric theories in relation to Woods apology, these four factors seem to have merit in this circumstantial case.In his model Ryan stated that checking each speech with another critic enables one to tell apart the vital issues from the bogus ones. It also aids in evaluating the merits of two speakers supplements. In addition, the critic is in a position to make relevant assessments of the relative success and failure of the speakers in rela tion to the final resultant of the speech. Consequently, a critic cannot comprehend an apology without thwarting them both. The relationship between kategoria and apologia on the face of it seems so obvious. But the reality is that the two are not linked in relation to the current public events. Sharon Downey has studied a literary genre of apologia. In her findings, she claims that as rhetorical situations are changing, so is the genre of apologia. For example, Downey states that the historical apologists used to adjust to the futility of argument. In this research, it is stated that the drama that bound the audience and the accused accuser in the conventional period has given way to the monomania of the audience, confusing accuser and the aversive apologist.In modern times charges against the accused are not explicit but are implied frequently emanating from innuendo and rumors. In addition, modern-day apologists lack a defined opponent. Usually, instead of being viewed sympat hetically, apologies which are defensive are viewed with contempt.Statement of sorrowIn all accounts, an apology should contain a statement of sorrow. For instance, according to the process of any apology should contain the acceptment of the offense, the explanation, communication of remorse and a promise of reparations. According to in an apology, the accused should ac pick outledge his wrongdoing, he should accept responsibility, he should be seen to express remorse and regret, and he should promise compensation and an intention to refrain from the vice. There are eight characteristics of a moral apology admitting that one is wrong, apologizing for the act, taking responsibility for the wrong act, refraining from justifying the act, asking for pity from the victim, admitting that the victim deserved a better treatment, assurance to the victim that such an act will not be repeated and eventually offering amends. These statements of sorrow are referred to as termed mortification. This is where the offender acknowledges his wrong behavior and asks for forgiveness through an apology.If we critically look at Woods apology we can identify some of these aspects. Severally in the apology, woods admitted that his manners were wrong and he genuine personal and direct responsibility for his behavior. Secondly, on bigeminal times, Woods admitted that he was deeply sorry for his actions. He went further to acknowledge the harm that his behavior had caused to multiple people and organizations. This aspect of Woods apology helped in mending relationships by identifying the sufferers, reinforcing the sufferers version of history and admitting that the sufferers deserved a better treatment.Dating celebritiesThe TV shows us emotions through tears and laughter. This is done through the use of close ups which we see in our homes. This is the most intimate information that one can have about a person. According to because people have shared in celebrities lives, they feel l ike they know them, and so they judge them using the same criteria they use when they tell apart their friends. They do not reject their intimates or their potential loved ones because they have weak resumes. They embrace their warm personalities and they even treat their serious politicians in this manner. In this relation, they are dating their celebrities .The closeness and immediacy that the television brings them, allows them to see more private lives of their celebrities thus eliminating a ethical deal in their mystery. This is echoed in politicians, who wall that the society does not respect them as much after their real life situation is shown. The reality is that people do not respect them as much but they are all too familiar with their celebrities foibles.Generic MethodologyIn rhetoric analysis, the generic criticism is the style of analysis where the artifact is judged with reference from other examples in the same genre. The judgment can also be made on the basis of the existing elements within the genre itself. Simply, this means that generic criticism is a rhetorical analysis of an artifact through the eyes of a given genre.According to Kathleen rhetorical artifacts such as Federal messages, apologies, gallows, speeches and press conferences are some of the examples which can be well analyzed using the generic methodology. This is because it generic methodology attempts to identify forms of rhetoric through the similar attributes or functions of individuals or members of a particular group. In this essay, generic methodology is the most relevant methodology that can be applied. The main rationale for this is that this is an apology which was made in a press conference. In previous apologies, such as Nixon resignation speech, the methodology was applied.The methodology enables the critic to discover the substance and the form of the artifact therefore providing the additional insight in the functioning of the genre. In this case, the methodo logy will enhance the understanding of Woods apology. This will make it thriving to identify the genre by category. Since this apology was dependent on the media coverage, the methodology will help to give out important revelations by use of some carefully controlled questions and answers.The methodology will establish a common characteristic through comparing Woods apology with other previously related statements. such statements will include Nixons resignation statements and presidential inaugural speeches. The comparison will help in revealing anything useful about one or both artifacts of the genre. The comparison gives a holistic report of the artifacts rather than relying on one aspect such as history.Analyses and ComparisonsEvaluation and the analysis of an apologetic rhetoric can be broken down into two elements namely the manner and the content. To start with the content, an apology should acknowledge the wrong act, take responsibility, convey regret, empathize with the v ictim, request for forgiveness and reconciliation, explain the relevant information in relation to concerns and questions, offer reparations and corrective actions. The greater part of Woods apology met some of these elements with the exception of how he gave minute information concerning his marital unfaithfulness. This exception can make one to question whether that information was really important when told to the public. However, in terms of manner, an apology should be truthful, timely, sincere and voluntary. In the case of Tiger Woods lack of these elements makes his apology to be easily criticized. He took too long to issue an apology and was insincere when he was forced by mounts to deliver one. As earlier stated in the methodology, generic criticism tries to compare two types of artifacts in an effort of determine the common characteristics between artifacts that define a certain genre.Gerald Wilson broke Nixons resignation speech in to various themes while he was analyzi ng it. He wanted to know the percentage of time that the apologist used in satisfying each theme. The themes included thanking the supporters, attacking the accusers, bolstering, pledging for futurity actions and mortification. From his finding, Nixon spent 2.5% of his time in mortification, 19% pledging future actions, 26% bolstering, 7% thanking his supporters and he never attacked his accusers. To make up to a 100% the rest of his time maybe he was silent or doing something else that was not related to the apology. This can be compared to Woods apology. Woods spent 32.50% in mortification, 35% pledging for future actions, 4% bolstering, 20% attacking his accusers and 9% thanking his supporters.The figure infra illustrates further.Figure 1. A comparison of Tiger Woods apology and Nixons resignation speechFigure 1 shows a comparison of the percent of time that Nixon and Tiger woods spent while speaking in rhetorical subgroups. Interestingly, the two speeches are approximated to b e almost of the same length. Another interesting point is that they both spent almost the same time to thank their supporter but they completely differed in the attack of their accusers. This supports the observation made by Downey that counterattacks have work a contemporary discourse convention in apology. Attacks on the accusers are inevitable in modern apologies which are broadcasted to the public. In woods case, the main accusers were the media and he spent 20% of his speech attacking them.Nixon had spent only 24 seconds out of 16 proceedings admitting his wrongdoing. This disappointed his listeners for they expected Nixon to admit that he had wronged or to attack his accusers. He did neither. This can be termed as non- admission of wrong doing. Nonetheless, Nixon had set a non-verbal tone of conciliation and dignity.There is another rhetorical indicate by Jerry Falwell after he took over the operation of PTL after the resignation of Jimmy Bakker. He bolstered the perception of the congregation of his character through describing the financial situation of PTL in financial terms such as fiduciary responsibility and financial statements. This suggested that in spite being an expert in the spiritual matters, he was also an expert in the financial matters. Falwell transcended the charges of his incompetence to lead the church, by stating that the almighty Lord would not allow him to quit. Likewise, Tiger Woods bolstered his character by talking about his foundation and he transcended the accusations by stating that the affairs he had were private family matter between him and his wife. He also claimed that the media was hounding him.Walter Fisher linked discourse to motive. Discourse seeks to rejuvenate, discover, purify or subvert an image. An apology has a motivation of purification. Fisher discussed Nixons speech and compared it with Woods speech. The ethics of Nixon had been attacked. By identifying himself with the American values, Nixon purified him self. There are four important steps in Nixons speech. He started by denying that he was wrong, he endorsed his personal ethos of hard work, humble roots and loyalty. He then attacked his opponents and finally he reiterated his affection for America. On the other hand, Woods admitted his wrong act, endorsed his personal ethos for the concern of his family and public good works. He attacked the media especially Paparazzi and he finalized by validatory that he will be committed to golf and he would continue being a player and thanking the PGA tour executives and the golf players. Nixons response was tremendously social as compared to Woods response.There was a survey that was conducted on 3rd March 2010 that stated that 54% of the respondents believed in Woods apology and the rating of this commendation was unchanged. Equivalence can be drawn between bloom Clinton, Jimmy Swaggart and Tiger Woods. Each of these celebrities was accused of adultery. In addition, each of their scandal brought forth something extra making the whole issue titillating. Woods had been attacked by his wife with a golf club. Bill Clinton was the American president and Falwell was a religious figure. Clintons scandal can be evaluated as character and sex implication in a mass mediated presidency. Most citizens of America believed that the American president was a womaniser and a draft-dodger. This was different in Woods case because of his charitable activities and with his smile he was better off to commence his apology than in the case of Bill Clinton. In Clintons case, the popular perception resulted from the fact it was his wife that he had harmed the most and if she failed to forgive him, the public would not agree to forgive him.In 1992, Clinton used two rhetorical strategies which helped him to convince the public to put the past behind and focus on the current and future events. These strategies were public private distinction and a timeline or life pattern. These strategies he lped Clinton to separate his status from his character. Ethos is the most powerful way of persuasion. Bill Clinton later triumphed over his scandal though as earlier stated, his ethos was less worthy than Woods.Still on analysis, it is important to analyze the strategies that Woods used in the deli rattling of his apology speech. To start with on February 19, 2010, Woods delivered a fourteen minutes speech which had a sentence length of 12.3 and 1540 words. In average, a written sentence is made of 15-23 words and a spoken sentence has ten words in length. In his speech, Woods used the active voice and only 2% of his speech that contained passive voice constructions. His speech could read or could even be understood by a child in as low as fifth grade. Woods speech could have been perceived as arrogant and pompous if he had decided to use polysyllabic words. If he would have wanted to sound like a dictionary or an cyclopedia the public could have gotten a negative feeling about him . A writer or a speaker communicates his credible ethos only when his upright character, saving grace and intelligence are projected to his audience. This can be achieved though correct choice of words, use of body language, use of the correct tone of voice among many other communication techniques. It is not authentic in an apology to say if I gave any offence.There were some suggestions by the media on the correct articulated lorry that best suited the apology. Some said that Woods should weaken a brown or middle blue jacket for the television and a delicate shirt so to appear off-white on the television. The best shirt that was recommended was light blue shirt. ABC news anchor Chris Connelly said that Woods could wear a clean shirt and a sports coat without a tie. Woods combined these two in his outfit. He wore a light blue shirt, a dark jacket without a tie. Axtell recommended Woods to apply make up to reduce the shining of the face (Axtell 67). It was also recommended that Woods should maintain his eye touching with the audience to display his honesty. Little eye contact displays dishonesty. In addition any speaker should avoid looking upwards for it makes the speaker appear as if he is asking God for help.During his speech, Woods preferred to put his hand over his heart. This is a clear rhetoric of his body language. Non-verbally, he pledged to the audience that he will behave in a manner that will make them to trust him. At the start of his speech, he greeted his audience and he thanked the audience for joining him. This clearly means that Woods admitted that he was not better than the crowd and that is why he was thankful for their attendance. After that he said some of you in the room are my friends. Many of you in this room know me. Many of you have cheered for me, or worked with me, or supported me, and now, every one of you has good reason to be critical of me.From the quote above and throughout the speech, Woods repeated many of you at the beginning of sentences. This can be termed as anaphora. At the end of many phrases he used the word me which is epistrophe. There are other prepositions that he used such as of me, with me, know me and for me. Figures of speech provide the tools required in communication goodwill, upright character and intelligence and as Aristotle said they need to be projected. The figures of speech, visual ethos are essential tools for building an rough-and-ready verbal ethos. Later in the speech, Woods used trope of euphemism when he said I had affairs. The word affair is much better than using the word adultery. The rhetorical discourse can be broken down to four sub-groups in relation to organizational schema of rhetorical discourse. Archetypal classification as according to is one of the subgroups that appears to fit in Tiger Woods apology speech. This is when the speech depends on persuasion images that are embedded in the minds of the audience.If we use this theory on Tiger Woods we can se e him casting himself as the protector of his family when he said that it annoyed him when he came to know how people have fabricated such a story (about his affairs) and when he said that he is the shield of his family from public spotlight. The role of protector of children and women is an image that Woods used to his advantage. It is very obvious that many people belief that a man is the protector of his family. This was not spoken but it is an image planted in the minds of many people. compact of the Major FindingsTiger Woods apology can be termed as a outstanding apology despite of some aspects in his statement. To start with, he was reluctant to give any real explanation, but as an alternative, he talked in general terms concerning his irresponsible and selfish behavior. This can be regarded as important because the lack of an explanation left many people questioning whether he understood what actions were erroneous and why. He did not even mention whether he agreed that those actions were wrong. In addition, throughout the apology statement, Woods comments inclined more towards bolstering.Woods comments went unchallenged because the journalists were not able to explore a number of transgressions including the car crash. Woods defended himself by saying that further details needed not to be discussed in front of the press and they needed to be left out for him to discuss with his wife. Lack of criticism brought up the issue of lack of third party participation. In the apology, woods admitted that his manners were wrong and he accepted personal and direct responsibility for his behavior. Secondly, multiple times, Woods admitted that he was deeply sorry for his actions. He went further to acknowledge the harm that his behavior had caused to multiple people and organizationsThis aspect of Woods apology helped in mending relationships by the way he identified the victim, reinforced the victims version of the story and admitted that the victim deserved a comp aratively better treatment. Tiger woods apology can be compared to Nixons. Tiger Woods bolstered his character by talking about his foundation and he transcended the accusations by stating that the affairs he had were private family matter between him and his wife. He also claimed that the media was hounding him. He attacked the media especially Paparazzi and he finalized by confirming that he will be committed to golf and he would continue being a player and thanking the PGA tour executives and the golf players.On the main strategies that Woods used we can start with denial which was manifested through simple denial and shifting the blame. Secondly, he evaded responsibility through provocation, accident, defeasibility which made him to lose his adherence to the Buddhist faith. Thirdly, Woods reduced his disgustingness of event through bolstering where he promoted his foundation. He transcended when he said that the events were a marital issue and he attacked the accuser by saying t hat the media lied and stalked. He promised to correct his actions through seeking therapy and regaining his faith. Finally, in his mortification, he apologized and promised to stop playing golf temporarily.Recommendation for Further ResearchAn interesting future study resulting from this circumstance should test the audiences appraisal of the actual wording of Woods statement versus the visual performance of his apology. By this it means testing one groups view of Woods and his apology after watching a video of his apology, and then weighing against the view of another group which only hears a broadcast.

Analyse the star persona

Analyse the whizz fibreFILM AND TV STUDIES WORK PROGRAMMEESSAY QUESTIONS1. Analyse the star persona of any actor of your choosing. What traits connotations and values does that star persona embody and to what extent does he or she bring the same traits, connotations and values to each role? You should make out with close reference to at least THREE flick theatres.In this essay I am going to analyse the star persona of one of Bollywood intimately successful actor, Shahrukh Khan, also known as SRK. Shahrukh Khan has made over fifty movies over the years starting from 1992 he made his de unless film Deewana (1992) which gave him box office hit. This gave him the most successful launch of his cargoner in the Bollywood film industry. His role in the film gave achieved him Filmfare for the best De further Award.There are three films of Shahrukh Khan that I am going to use close reference to, they are, KKHH (Kuch Kuch Hota Hai Something Happens 1998), K3G (Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham Som etimes Happiness, Sometimes Sadness 2001) and (Chak De India Come On India 2007).The reason I chose these movies as these movies are precise well known for big the success of his acting part in these movies.KKHH is a story of a simple stylish, aesthetical and ambrosial sleep together triangle story. Rahul (Shahrukh Khan) the tomboy Anjali (Kajol). They are both students at St Xaviers College. They are the best of friends. One day Tina, (Rani Mukerji), the principals daughter enrols the college. She is from London and is very beautiful, powder-puff and sophisticated and the opposite of Anjali. Rahul falls for her as they meet for the first time. Anjali then realises that she has feeling for Rahul and did not realise the careless comment on his part that she had heard, which equated love with friendship. This causes the love triangle to unf doddering. When one day Rahul confesses his love for Tina to Anjali, Anjali leaves the college, to forge the heartbreak that has caused her.Ti na and Rahul marry and have a daughter whom they name Anjali. Tina dies after childbirth but has written a series of eight letters. On Anjali birthday she asks about where her name has come from. Rahul daughter Anjali believes that the older Anjali thunder mug make her beget quick again and decided to help him reclaim his lost love.Rahul then meets Anjali again at a camp where Rahul daughter has enrolled, where her namesake is the counsellor. The namesake discoverers without the knowledge of the girl, the truth of her new charges of parentage. Rahul finds the old feelings reviving. But Anjali has bowed to her familys wishes and is engaged to another man. Complications ensue, but all ends well as Anjali fianc steps aside to let the fated couple marry at last.Richard Dyer in his book says A star digit is made out of media texts that can be grouped together as packaging, publicity, films and commentaries/criticism.SRK falls tell into all these mentioned. Promotion is one big main thing is what makes SRK. Although he is worldwide famous primarily to the South Asian ethnicity round the world, most of the promotion is spread over India itself.SRK is one of the famous Bollywood star pin ups in India. He also has fan clubs publications (which is largely controlled by the studios), fashion pictures, ads where he endorses a merchandise like affordable cars, Pepsi and soap where it is usually shown in India and other neighbouring countries like Pakistan and Bangladesh. SRK works well in this advertisement as people in India love him. He is a person who came from a middle class working background to a exceed successful actor. He is also the very few actors who made it in Bollywood as this industry is very hard to enter if either you have close family in the industry, like father, grandfather, buddy or sister. He has had no-one like this, and he made it to the top.He makes public appearances and also cameos in supporting his other actors in the Bollywood song vide os scenes such as I See You 2006, Saatiya 2002, Heyy Baby 2007 and Luck By Chance 2008.Promotion is probably the most straightforward of all the text which constructs a stars image, in that it is the most deliberate, direct, intentioned and self-conscious. furtherance is theoretically different from promotion in that it is not, or does not appear to be deliberated image-making. It is what the press finds out, what the star lets slip in an interview and is ready in the newspapers and magazines. In content, this is much controlled by SRK agents and studios.A one important is the notion of the vehicle. The films he does have a distinct and privilege place in the stars image. It is after all films stars that are to be considered their celebrity is defined by the face of their appearing in films. However SRK is a phenomenon of cinema and of a world(a) social meanings and there are instances of stars whose films may actually be less important than other aspects of their career.Mostly im portant is the nation of the vehicle. Films were often built around the star image. Stories might be written expressly to feature a given star, or books might be bought for production with a star in mind. The film K3G 2001 was one of the highest grossing Indian films overseas until 2006. This film is a family movie and the cast are all top Bollywood actors, such as Amitabh Bachan, Jaya Bachan, Sharukh Khan, Kajol, Hritik Roshan and Kareena Kapoor. The plot of the movie is about Rahul (SRK), who is the espouse by Yash (Amitab) and wife Nandini (Jaya) who was able to give birth to son Rohan (Hritikh). The father is the richest famous businessman in India. He believes in retention tradition and is against love marriages. When Rohan comes back to India after overseas studying for few years, he falls in love with Anjali (Kajol).Yash decides to arrange marriage for son Rahul, but Rahul tells his father that he wants to marry Anjali. His father is angered by this, as he is not opting for his choice of high class society girl foreign Anjali who is middle class girl. Rahul apologises to his father Yash and promises to do whatever he asked for, and as he goes to tell Anjali that he is going to be married, he sees that Anjali father has passed outside(a) suddenly. After seeing that Anjali and her sister has no family and no one to live with, he marries Anjali on the spot. When he brings her home his father is more angered and disowns him and says that because you were adopted and not the blood of mine, you acted like this.Rahul is upset and hurt hard, shares emotional goodbye.The story goes on to the younger brother Rohan who goes on a mission to get his brother back close to the family. This film shows love, drama, family tradition ECT.This story was written and directed by Karen Johor. SRK was picked for the role of Rahul as he is well suited for this character. Karen Johor has worked with both actors SRK and Kajol in his past movie KKHH which was a success and he even used Kajol in this movie to play Anjali, as they had chemistry in KKHH being a love couple. SRK can bring tears to an audience, with his acting skills in all his movies. SRK made this movie what it is, as he brought his own personal feelings into it. Losing a father was one scene in the movie which he can relate to, as his father passed away in 1981 before he became successful. So this shows that he was chosen for that movie as he suited the role.We may know the first of all points at which star is effective in the construction of character. These can be considered from two points of view the fact of a star being in the film, and their performance in it. As regards the fact that a given star in the film, audience, foreknowledge, the stars name and his appearance already signify that condensation of attitudes and values which is the stars image. Having SRK made K3G successful but also with the help with other fellow top cast members.In the film Chak De India SRK plays the role o f the coach for the Indian women hockey aggroup. He used to be the star player of the Indian mens cricket squad but as he lost one match to Pakistan, India people felt he let Pakistan win as him being Muslim. Indian cricket team asked him to be the role of the Coach which no man would like to participate in India. The film goes on, from him having the typical slow team with no team game. He guides them to play well and win the championship.This film role suited SRK to play this part. He is the heart of India for past fifteen years and everyone in India looks up to. His role in this made this movie the top gross movie of 2007 and was declared a Blockbuster in U.S. Of all of SRK films that make him successful his stars image fit with all the traits of the character. For example in all three movies talked about in this essay, the role SRK usually plays is the man who gets the girl of his dream. He is also shown as the popular man, mature, and also family man. He can play these roles well in all his movies that he has done.

African Americans Essay -- essays research papers

Differences in race lead to divergent levels of economic development within the United States. Analysts much try to explain this phenomenon by observing a specific ethnic groups tradition and cultural ideology. Economists expand their analysis on the economic behaviors of African Americans by taking into consideration personal histories and value systems of the group under study. American families measure economic status in terms of income, and factors associated with material security as a whole. These factors may consist of health care, college funds, and retirement plans. However, African American families lag well behind when conceptualizing economic development under these terms. The reason is collect to numerous instances of discrimination that occur in the U.S. Many of Americas public policies aid in the underdevelopment of non- vacuous families. Increased economic development within America is the key to upwardly political and social mobility. If minorities are denied ine vitable rights to luciferity, access to economic development becomes a highly difficult lick. Despite Americas idealized view on fit opportunity, it is valid to assume that economic security has been limited on the basis of race. Therefore, it is important to investigate why white American families are economically better-off than non-white American families. One must take into account aspects of political participation, education, and the number of children a family has in the home in order to understand this research question.Contemporary ViewpointsThe drop of political participation of minority groups is a prevalent issue within the United States, explaining why non-white American families are less economically developed when compared to white American families. According to Douglas S. Massey (1995), minority families increasingly speak languages and bear cultures quite different than the established norms within the U.S. regime. He has found that ethnic groups carry their u sage into new generations, leading many non-white families to become displaced and impoverished. Brinck Kerr and Will Miller (1997) believe that it is necessary for non-white American families to participate in elections in order to obtain equal representation that they are now lacking. They go on to say that political representation is the key t... ...to ethnic prejudice and discrimination as the United States continues to fool into the melting pot for the American dream. Political participation, education, and the number of children within the home are variables that allow the transition to become a less arduous process for white American families. However, if non-white American families continue to do poorly in terms of economic development because of these variables, non-whites will continue to lag behind the income plateful in comparison to whites. Research on these lines will lead to the study of relative differences between ethnic cultures. An example is the discovery of why almost half(prenominal) the number of minorities return to their country of origin after experiences of economic injustice. Previous research may also benefit other analysis in the airfield of economics by itemizing fertility rates in terms of the higher number of non-white American families who lack the finances to properly nourish their children. These new variables along with my research can in time become valid determinants in explaining why white American families are economically better off that non-white American families.

My Philosophy Of Education Essay example -- Classroom School Reflectio

My Philosophy Of EducationI have come to believe over the past course of instruction as a Professional Development School intern that one method or one teaching style limits the ability of the teacher and the students to squ are up effectively in the classroom. I believe that learning is a fluid activity and therefore changes constantly within the classroom community. I believe that we any are constructs of our past experiences and that these experiences influence the way we perform in our lives. The education of students cannot be dependent on a particular style of teaching or learning because we are all different. Students are diverse learners and process learning in a variety of different ways. Reaching these students with one learning style, I believe, is not possible and that as educators it is our accountability to develop a classroom environment that is conducive to all students for the learning experience. As a classroom community, we are responsible to create meanin g from our experiences, develop goals about our learning, and be free to make connections to our social worlds that encourage the learning process to grow. This is what I have knowing over the past year and how the PDS internship has facilitated my philosophy of education. I have spent the last twenty- four old age of my life in the Nursing profession. As the years passed I realized that I longed to be in another professional setting. I struggled for many years to determine what this nagging voice in my gallery was trying to say to me. After I stopped to listen to the voice, I found myself on a path quite different from nursing. This path was inappropriate to me and I was frightened of the new life it was offering me and joyful at the chance to live a dream that I held so ... ...eling from others. I unavoidableness my students to recognize their abilities to learning early in their educational careers and that shaping, testing, and questioning their learning will make t hem better students of the world and will create and take responsibility for their learning. BibliographyRichard Beach and Jamie Myers, Inquiry-Based English Instruction, Teachers College Press, 1234 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 2001 Frank Smith, The Book Of Learning And Forgetting , Teachers College Press, 1234 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 1998John Dewy, Democracy in Education, Macmillian, 1938 Chapter 7 The Democratic construct of EducationClarissa Le Ai Ling, The Author, The Text, and The Reader, www.english-literature.org/reader-response. 2002George W. Gagnon, Jr. and Michelle Collay, Constructivist Learning Design www.prainbow.com/cld/cldp 1990

The Software Piracy Problem in China :: Technology

The Software Piracy Problem in China1. The truth Software buccaneering at issue in China.Surprisingly, software system counterfeiting has such a profitable global market that organized criminal groups utilize the proceeds from software counterfeiting to endure for terrorist operations overseas, according to Brad Smith, Microsoft general counsel international. 1 Even though most people nowadays are aware of pi appreciated software either from various news medium, or by seeing illegal software copies distributed among friends or students in their personal PCs, it would still be a shocking detail that, in the year 2000, software companies estimated that they lost $12 billion in revenue because of counterfeiting. Thats 15% of the industrys $80 billion in worldwide sales.2Although software plagiarisation is undoubtedly a global issue, people have been paying special attention to this issue in China. The truth is that, even though the plagiarism rate is increasing worldwide and th e rate rose in 2000 to 37% from 36% in 1999, which means 37% of the software sold is estimated to be fake, the software piracy rates in China are up to 92% in 2002 according to Business Software Alliance (BSA). 3 Compare to China, in U.S. the average piracy rate by states is only 25.1%. Software piracy has different types. BSA identifies five common types as follows.4 First, end user piracy. It occurs when a company employee reproduces copies of software without authorization, including using one licensed copy to install a program on multiple computers, or copying disks for installation and distribution, etc. Second, client-server overuse. It occurs when too many employees on a network are using a central copy of a program at the selfsame(prenominal) time. Third, Internet piracy. This occurs when software is downloaded from the Internet where the same purchasing rules should apply to online software purchase as for those bought in traditional ways. Fourth, Hard Disk loading. It occ urs when a business that sells new computers loads illegal copies of software onto the hard disks to make the purchase of the machines more attractive. Finally, Software Counterfeiting. This type of piracy is the illegal duplication and sale of secure material with the intent of directly imitating the copyrighted product. In China, most of the software piracy is conducted as the type of Software Counterfeiting. Street gangs selling pirated software can be easily seen in colour in market anywhere in China. 2. Who is able to protect your software right? The government?

KOSOVO PEACE ACCORD :: essays research papers

Kosovo Peace Accord Kosovo is the southern province of Yugoslavia and is spread over an argona of approximately 4300 miles of the two million population, 90% are Muslims and 10% are Serbs. The Muslims had been demanding independence for the past few years but the Yugoslavian President Slobodan Milosovic played the butchers role by shelling and destroying valleys of the Albanian Muslims. The Serbs, below his orders, committed heinous crimes, which included gang rapes of Muslim women and torturing thousands of Kosovers to death.The world condemmed Serb atrocities but Milosovic was unmoved and continued his brutal behavior. When the situation got worsened, the European Council and the NATO took a honorable note of it. NATO threatened Yugoslavia with airmanship strikes if Milosovic did not come to terms. Peace dialogue were arranged in France and draft of the tranquillity Agreement was prepared. The Kosovo Albanians signed an international stay plan in 1999 but Milosovic did not si gn it, and consequently NATO gave March 24, 1999 as the deadline to Milosovic to sign the peace plan failing which Yugoslavia would face NATO air strikes.NATO started its air strike when Milosevic failed to sign the peace accord by March 24, 1999. It bombed civil and military targets all over the Yugoslavia, which included military installations, oil refineries, ammunition stores, airfields, communicate and T.V. Stations etc. These air strikes continued for 79 days till 10 June 1999, but during this period, the Serb atrocities continued, which forced about half the Muslim population (Muslim Albanians) to commit Kosovo and seek refuge in Albania and Macedonia. Apart from supporting NATO, the United Nations also helped the refugees by providing them food and shelter. The NATO strikes inflicted heavy damages upon Yugoslavia, which forced Milosovic to accept the international peace plan.With the acceptance of the peace plan by Belgrade, the 79 days NATO bombing was temporarily suspend ed on 10 June 1999. Simultaneously the Serb troops were withdrawn, and NATO and Yugoslavia military commanders held talks in Macedonia to implement the peace terms. The Serb troops were replaced by the UN peacekeeping force (KFOR) thus, began the "Operation Joint Guardian" aiming at the return and rehabilitation of Kosovo refugees in Kosovo. It was a huge and challenging task as the province of Kosovo was badly damaged due to the war. The UN Security Council, on 10 June 1999, had adopted the peace plan for Kosovo by 14-0 votes which asked for the replacement of the Serb forces by the 50,000 peace-keeping force (KFOR) in Kosovo.